Grapheme based speech recognition is a powerful tool for rapidly creating automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems in new languages. For purposes of language independent or cross language speech recognition it is necessary to identify similar models in the different languages involved. For phoneme based multilingual ASR systems this is usually achieved with the help of a language independent ...

Most models of spelling assume that people rely on two procedures when engaging in spelling: a lexical look-up procedure that retrieves spellings in their entirety, and a nonlexical procedure that constructs spellings with a set of phoneme-grapheme rules. In the present research, we investigated whether larger sized subsyllabic relationships also play a role in spelling, and how they compare to...

Graphemes are commonly defined as the written representation of phonemes. For example, the word 'BREAD' is composed of the four phonemes /b/, /r/, /e/ and /d/, and consequently, of the four graphemes 'B', 'R', 'EA', and 'D'. Graphemes can thus be considered the minimal 'functional bridges' in the mapping between orthography and phonology. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis tha...

Grapheme-color synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which letters and numbers (graphemes) consistently evoke particular colors (e.g. A may be experienced as red). The cross-activation theory proposes that synesthesia arises as a result of cross-activation between posterior temporal grapheme areas (PTGA) and color processing area V4, while the disinhibited feedback theory proposes that sy...

It is not possible to include all the words in a natural language for general text-to-speech system. Grapheme-tophoneme conversion system is essential to pronounce a word which is out of vocabulary. Grapheme-to-phoneme rules play a vital role where lexical lookup fails. Though basic Grapheme-tophoneme rules system is very simple yet it is very powerful for naturalness of a TTS system. Letter-to...

Several characteristics of the Thai writing system make Thai grapheme-to-phoneme (G2P) conversion very challenging. In this paper, we propose an Example-Based Grapheme-toPhoneme conversion approach. It generates the pronunciation of a word by selecting, modifying and combining pronunciations from syllables from training corpus. The best system achieves 80.99% word accuracy and 94.19% phone accu...

This paper presents a new structure to implement compact narrowband high-rejection microstrip band-stop filter (BSF). This structure is the combination of two traditional BSFs: Spurline filter and BSF using defected ground structure (DGS). Due to inherently compact characteristics of both Spurline and interdigital capacitance (used as DGS), the proposed filter shows a better rejection performan...

─ A novel quarter-circle defected ground structure shape is introduced in this paper to design and implement an ultra-wide reject band low-pass filter (LPF). Moreover, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) is presented. The proposed LPF has small size and, a low insertion loss and a return loss less than -20 dB. Also, a round -20 dB suppression level ranging from 4 GHz to more than 20 GHz is achiev...