This document lists citations for peer-reviewed journal articles that support a physiological basis for MCS. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal cell death in cingulate cortex, dentate gyrus, thalamus, and hypothalamus in a rat model of Gulf-War syndrome. combined exposure to low doses of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin produce neurochemical and neuropathological alt...

Arthropod-borne infectious diseases cause many deaths and a major economic burden worldwide. Repellents play an important role in protecting people from biting arthropods. The repellency of veratraldehyde, known food additive, the WJ-1041 formulation containing 10% veratraldehyde was tested against Aedes albopictus Culex pipiens pallens females Haemaphysalis longicornis nymphs using arm-in-cage...

OBJECTIVES Repellents do not kill mosquitoes--they simply reduce human-vector contact. Thus it is possible that individuals who do not use repellents but dwell close to repellent users experience more bites than otherwise. The objective of this study was to measure if diversion occurs from households that use repellents to those that do not use repellents. METHODS The study was performed in t...

DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is the most common active ingredient in the insect repellents commonly detected in European groundwater. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subchronic DEET exposure on biochemical and haematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, and the amount o...

We evaluated the efficacy of commercial antimosquito products in field trials in Illinois in June 1998 by comparing mosquito landing rates. Products tested were a sonic mosquito repeller, an insect killing grid using ultraviolet light and 1-octen-3-ol as lures, mosquito smoke coils containing a pyrethroid, citronella candles, the mosquito plant Pelargonium citrosum, and a N,N-diethyl-3-methylbe...

The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from the degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzoyl amide (DEET) and ibuprofen (IBP) by the ultraviolet irradiation (UV)/chlorine process and subsequent post-chlorination was investigated and compared with the UV/H2O2 process. The pseudo first-order rate constants of the degradation of DEET and IBP by the UV/chlorine process were 2 and 3.1 times...

A model was developed using 167 carboxamide derivatives, from the United States Department of Agriculture archival database, that were tested as arthropod repellents over the past 60 yr. An artiÞcial neural network employing CODESSA PRO descriptors was used to construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship model for prediction of novel mosquito repellents. By correlating the structure...

The insect repellents 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate or IR3535) and deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) were prepared as 20% solutions in absolute ethanol and evaluated for repellency against many mosquito species in Thailand under laboratory and field conditions using human subjects. In the laboratory, 0.1 ml was applied per 30-cm2 of exposed area on a volunteer’s forearm (0.66-0.67 m...

Eight polymer and 9 microcapsule formulations of deet were tested on laboratory rabbits against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus. Several formulations were significantly more effective than simple (unformulated) deet at the same strength for periods up to 24 h. Best results were obtained with a polymer formulation containing a high molecular weight fatty acid and 3 microcapsule formulation...