BACKGROUND Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a common endourologic procedure with less morbidity than open surgery. However, pain around the nephrostomy tube requires good post operative analgesia. So we hypothesize that infiltration of local anesthetic from the renal capsule to the skin around the nephrostomy tract would relieve the pain in the initial postoperative period. METHODS 60 a...

Pneumonia is a health problem in the world with high mortality rate both developing countries and developed such as America, Canada European countries. In Indonesia, number three cause of death after cardiovascular disease tuberculosis. Low socioeconomic factors increase mortality. This infection generally spread from someone who exposed neighborhood or has direct contact infected people throug...

Complications of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) were prospectively evaluated during 1,328 diagnostic procedures in children, not in intensive care units. A total 92.8% of the procedures were performed in conscious patients under sedation and 7.2% under deep sedation. Supplementary oxygen was provided in approximately 80% of cases via endoscopic face mask (n=783) or nasal prongs (n=290). At least on...

Neuromuscular stimulation of the abdominal wall muscles can provide respiratory support in tetraplegia, where the main expiratory muscles are affected by paralysis. Stimulation may be applied by simple surface stimulation, resulting in a uniform muscle contraction which can help to improve expiratory function for coughing and breathing. In this review, an overview of methods and approaches avai...

Clear differences between professional and recreational deep diving are disappearing, at least when taking into account the types of breathing mixtures (oxygen, nitrox, heliox, and trimix) and range of dive parameters (depth and time). Training of recreational deep divers is conducted at depths of 120–150 metres and some divers dive to 180–200 metres using the same diving techniques. Extremely ...

COVID-19 originally started in Wuhan city China. The disease rapidly became a worldwide pandemic, causing respiratory illness with symptoms such as coughing, fever, and more severe cases difficulty breathing. With the current testing processes, it is very difficult sometimes impossible to manage provide necessary treatment suspected patients since number of infected increasing. Hence, availabil...

attack begins. They have been here before: tightening of the chest, wheezing, coughing, difficulty breathing. Experience tells them it will pass but that does not make it any easier. Millions of Europeans, especially an increasing number of children, live with asthma and the threat of an asthma attack but it does not have to be this way1. Asthma can be controlled for long periods by combining m...