The present study investigated the behavioral training-induced c-Fos expression in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) in differently aged rats. This study demonstrated that the c-Fos expression in nbM was significantly increased and the peak occurred at 2 h after dark-avoidance training. Although the increase of c-Fos expression was also observed after pseudotraining, the number of Fos-like i...

Caption: Pyramidal neurons, light micrograph with Nissl staining. This sample, from a human brain, shows two pyramidal neurons. Pyramidal neurons (nerve cells) have a triangular cell body with dendrites leading from two of their corners and one long axon (bottom) extending from the other. The cell nuclei (round, dark) are visible here. Information from the dendrites is processed by the cell bod...

background :adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that has a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. the amphetamine derivative (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma or ecstasy) is a synthetic amphetamine analogue used recreationally to obtain an enhanced affiliated emotional response. mdma is a potent monoaminergic neurotoxin with the potential of damage to brain neuro...

The median preoptic nucleus (MnPN) and the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) contain putative sleep-regulatory neurons that exhibit elevated discharge rates during sleep compared with waking. Expression of c-Fos protein immunoreactivity (IR) in GABAergic neurons in the MnPN and the vlPOA is high in spontaneously sleeping rats and in rats undergoing recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Howe...

We investigated the properties of neurons located in the distal forelimb field of dorsal premotor area F2 of macaque monkey using a behavioral paradigm for studying the neuronal discharge during observation (object fixation condition) and grasping of different 3-dimensional objects with and without visual guidance of the movement (movement in light and movement in dark conditions, respectively)...

The activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NATase) in the rat pineal gland exhibits a large (approximately 100-fold) circadian variation, with peak activity occurring in the dark part of the light/dark cycle. Surgical removal of both superior cervical ganglia abolishes this rhythm in enzyme activity. Unilateral ganglionectomy caused a 75% decrease in NATase activity during the dark period i...

The avian trigeminal ganglion, which is embryonically derived from the neural crest and epidermal placodes, consists of two topographically segregated classes of immature neurons, large and small, during the second week of incubation, and two neuronal cell types, dark and light, interspersed throughout the mature ganglion. In order to establish the times of terminal mitosis of trigeminal sensor...

The central complex, a group of neuropils spanning the midline of the insect brain, plays a key role in spatial orientation and navigation. In the desert locust and other species, many neurons of the central complex are sensitive to the oscillation plane of polarized light above the animal and are likely involved in the coding of compass directions derived from the polarization pattern of the s...

cortical spreading depression (csd) are associated with dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells, increased energy metabolism and changes in cerebral blood flow. there is strong clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that csd is involved in the mechanism of migraine, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. therefore,...