recently it has been reported, that immunoglobulin y (igy) can be used instead of polyclonal antibodies extracted from mammals (igg) for the purpose of diagnosis and therapy. these antibodies are found to have better properties in terms of specificity and ease of large-scale production. in addition, igy binds neither to mammalian complement or fc-receptors nor does it interfere with rheumatoid ...

Small cytoplasmic tubules are present in the interstitial cells and cnidoblasts of hydra. They are referred to here as "microtubules." These tubular elements have an outside diameter of 180 A and an inside diameter of 80 A. By difference, the membranous wall is estimated to be 50 A thick. The maximum length of the microtubules cannot be determined from thin sections but is known to exceed 1.5 m...

On rare occasions, patients with Goodpasture’s syndrome (GPS) present both anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). Concurrent ANCA anti-GBM disease is a high mortality rate. Here we case of (ANCA) complicated hyponatremia.