T he word ‘‘eye’’ has its origin in Anglo-Saxon, probably from the Baltic languages, with the Fresian ‘‘oie’’ the closest precursor. In middle English it is variously spelt as ighe, eghe, eighe, and eie. It is not surprising that there is a town of Eye in Suffolk, and that eye hospitals are an AngloSaxon phenomenon. Their origin in the early part of the 19th century had been preceded by the rec...

But they failed not least because they were too divisive and doctrinaire: purity crusaders such as Frances Swiney were offering emancipation for women based on the refusal of sex, at the very moment when for many women changing social conditions and the advent of better contraception were making sexual fulfilment an attractive possibility for the first time. All too often, these ladylike campai...

The Battle of Lepanto (1571) is the most significant naval war that took place in Mediterranean. Ottoman fleet was almost destroyed, with many ships sinking or being seized by Crusaders which gathered Europe following conquest Cyprus (1570-71). Following 1570-71, European allied, and completely others captured Crusader fleet. To recover from defeat, state decided to build a new imperial navy Im...

This article discusses the relationships between three Abrahamic faith communities (Jews, Christians and Muslims) of Damascus during late 7th A.H./13th A.D. century, employing a textual research study, through collation critical review range reference sources; historical contemporaneous observations, personal narratives accounts. Preliminary results attest to generally congenial co-existence re...

The Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem's Old City is an architectural complex consisting of several different structures mainly built between the first century and the Age of the Crusaders. In the past two centuries a fire and an earthquake have damaged the Church. These events and the restoration work consequently undertaken define the current state of the building. In the Basilica, v...