The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects on lives, the economy, and public finances worldwide, drawing attention to need enhance resilience future shocks. This paper focuses subnational governments, given their important growing role in provision of essential goods services worldwide. discusses key aspects resilience, particular sensitivity macroeconomic cycles shocks availability fisc...

Introduction The ability to forecast the onset, duration and severity of droughts, floods, and disease outbreaks with reasonable accuracy, especially in terms of their prospective human welfare effects, is critical to the design of timely and cost-effective early warnings and emergency response systems that can minimize the suffering of populations adversely affected by such relatively slow-ons...

Africa are increasingly vulnerable to food and livelihood crises. Many reasons have been cited for this, including climate change and increased climatic shocks such as droughts and floods, man-made forces such as the ban on meat exports to the Gulf region and rapid population expansion overtaxing a finite natural resource base. However, no other reason is more central to the problem than the pe...

This paper takes an asset pricing perspective to investigate the equity market comovement and contagion at the sector level during the period 1990-2004 across the regions of Europe, Asia, and Latin America. It examines whether unexpected shocks from a particular market, or group of markets, are propagated to the sectors in other countries. The results confirm the sector heterogeneity of contagi...

We build a simple model of banking in the presence of macroeconomic shocks where the comparative roles of private and public monitors can be analyzed. This model provides endogenous justifications for prudential regulation (capital requirements) and emergency liquidity assistance by the Central Bank (lender of last resort). We show that market discipline can be helpful, but does not solve the f...

abstract in present paper has tried to examine and investigate quality of effectiveness of monetary shocks on the growth of agricultural sector by using time series dataes of iran economy during 1960-2006 , filter hodric-prescott method and liner regressive models. the resultes show that qualily of effectiveness monetary shocks on growth of agricultural sector is asymmetric and length of effect...

Adolescence is a demanding and critical period in life. Failure to meet certain developmental milestones can have serious shortand long-term implications for the individual and society at large. This note provides an overview of how economic shocks can affect adolescent development, and how policies and programs can protect and promote human development in the face of adversity. Policies and pr...

5.2 As traditionally defined and measured, poverty is a static concept. But vulnerability and insecurity are dynamic. Insecurity is exposure to risk; vulnerability is the resulting possibility to suffer a decline in well-being. The event triggering the decline is often referred to as a “shock.” Shocks can affect individuals (illness, death), a community, region, or even a nation (natural disast...