Cranial nerve schwannomas are not uncommon intracranial tumors. Schwannomas arising from cranial nerve XI not only comprise a minority of these neoplasms but may also involve the extracranial segment of the spinal accessory nerve. The clinical presentation of cranial nerve XI schwannomas relates to their location and extent: intracranial, jugular foramen, upper neck, or cervical spine. This rep...

A female Holstein Friesian calf with inferior cervical ectopia cordis was followed from the 16th day of age until euthanasia at the age of three months. The heart was located in the lower cervical region and was covered with skin. The calf was presented with normal heart and respiratory rate. A grade II/VI systolic murmur was audible at the heart base when the calf was checked for the first tim...

Several evolutionary theories have been proposed to explain the adaptation of the long giraffe neck; however, few studies examine the fossil cervical vertebrae. We incorporate extinct giraffids, and the okapi and giraffe cervical vertebral specimens in a comprehensive analysis of the anatomy and elongation of the neck. We establish and evaluate 20 character states that relate to general, crania...

The present paper is a continuation of our studies on the location of retrograde changes in the nervous system following unilateral sympathectomy in sheep (5). Our previous investigations showed that a majority (85%) of the fibres of the cervical sympathetic trunk run towards the anterior cervical ganglion, and about 15% of the fibres proceed from nerve cells situated nasal to the same ganglion...

• To determine the effects of nicotine HC1 on the cerebral circulation of the cat, without the complicating actions of the drug at other sites in the body, the drug was perfused at concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 /ng/ml through a vascular-ly isolated, perfused in situ cat brain preparation. Cats having selective section of cranial nerves 9, 10, 11 and 12 and the cervical sympathetic trunks comp...

Synapse formation in the rat superior cervical ganglion has been investigated electrophysiologically and at the ultrastructural level. Preganglionic axons first enter the superior cervical ganglion between days 12 and 13 of gestation (E12 to E13), and on E13 a postganglionic response can be evoked by preganglionic stimulation. The susceptibility of this response to fatigue and to blocking agent...

Anterior cervical surgery is commonly used for cervical vertebral body lesions. However, the structure of blood vessels and nerve tissues along the route of anterior cervical surgery is complex. We aimed to measure the data of the longus colli, the sympathetic trunk and the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) ganglia in Chinese cadaver specimens. A total of 32 adult cadavers were studied. We delin...

Reinnervation of sympathetically denervated rat iris by superior cervical ganglion cells has been demonstrated to occur in vitro. Return of [(3)H]norepinephrine uptake by irises incubated in contact with ganglia was associated with the reappearance of nerve fibers containing catecholamines that were demonstrable by fluorescent histochemistry. The reinnervating neurons appeared to follow the sam...

The rodent superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is a useful and readily accessible source of neurons for studying the mechanisms of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) development and growth in vitro. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) of early postnatal animals undergoes a great deal of remodeling and development; thus, neurons taken from mice at this age are primed to re-grow and establish synapti...

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons. These neurons provide sympathetic innervations for the head and neck regions and they constitute a well-characterized and relatively homogeneous population (4). Sympathetic neurons are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival, differentiation and axonal growth and...