nowadays, factor of energy besides other factors such as labor and capital plays an important role in agricultural production. energy is used as a factor for agricultural machines and instruments. important discussion about this subject is the reaction rate of energy demand to price variations of energy and other factors. so, this study estimates the functions of energy demand in agricultural s...

We analyze the cost-effectiveness of electric utility rate payer–funded programs to promote demand-side management (DSM) and energy efficiency investments. We develop a conceptual model that relates demand growth rates to accumulated average DSM capital per customer and changes in energy prices, income, and weather. We estimate that model using nonlinear least squares for two different utility ...

Solar energy plays an important role in the global energy framework for future. Comparing with conventional generation systems using fossil fuels, the cost structure of photovoltaic (PV) systems is different: the capital cost is higher while the operation cost is negligible. Reliabilities of the PV system can also influence the cost for producing electricity. Investors, planners and regulators ...

Renewable electricity policies promote investment in renewable electricity generators and have become increasingly common around the world. Because of intermittency and the composition of other generators in the power system, the value of certain renewables—particularly wind and solar—varies across locations and technologies. This paper investigates the implications of this heterogeneity for th...

Under state Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), the state is usually obligated to produce a fraction of its electric power generation from renewable energy sources. Currently, solar energy is second only to wind in its contribution to renewable electric power generation. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that by 2050, solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation will contribute to 16...

The recent sharp drop in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation accompanied by globally rapidly increasing investment in PV plants calls for new planning and management tools for large-scale distributed solar networks. Of major importance are methods to overcome intermittency of solar electricity, i.e., to provide dispatchable electricity at minimal costs. We find that pairs of el...

this paper expands a model different from existing models to analyze the cost and benefit of areinforced concrete solar chimney power plant (rcscpp) built in the desert regions of iran.based on the model and some assumptions for values of parameters, this paper calculates totalnet present value (tnpv) and the minimum electricity price in each phase by dividing the wholeservice period into four ...