Usually probabilistic methods are used in the conventional reliability assessment of power system. From an applied point of view, dealing with uncertainties of some parameters such as mean time to failure or repair and forecasted load, using probabilistic methods would be difficult; because acquisition of adequate historical data related to different parts of system to extract an appropriate pr...

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is a change in the valence of a stimulus that results from pairing the stimulus with an affective stimulus. Two high-powered studies (total N = 1,161) investigated the nature of the relationship between EC and contingency awareness measured as contingency memory. Stronger EC occurred among people with more accurate and more confident memory of the pairings. Awarenes...

Universities are isomorphic not because of the effectiveness their processes but legitimacy assigned by institutional logic. However, sustainable development discourses invoke a novel mission for producing knowledge and innovation development. Accordingly, this research collected data from five types internal stakeholders' intellections four pillars green university infrastructure. The analysis...

BACKGROUND Research on contingency management to treat excessive alcohol use is limited due to feasibility issues with monitoring adherence. This study examined the effectiveness of using transdermal alcohol monitoring as a continuous measure of alcohol use to implement financial contingencies to reduce heavy drinking. METHODS Twenty-six male and female drinkers (from 21 to 39 years old) were...

The ability to detect and learn contingencies between fearful stimuli and their predictive cues is an important capacity to cope with the environment. Contingency awareness refers to the ability to verbalize the relationships between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Although there is a heated debate about the influence of contingency awareness on conditioned fear responses, neural correla...

There is a criticism of the isomorphism-invariance criterion for logical terms that is expressed in several variations in the literature on logical terms. The criticism in most cases was aimed against the criterion of invariance under isomorphism, but it can be seen as applying to criteria of invariance under other transformations just as well. The gist of the objection is that invariance crite...

Timothy Williamson’s Modal Logic as Metaphysics is, among much else, a detailed and complex defense of the metaphysical view he calls necessitism, the view that necessarily everything necessarily exists (is something), that although it may be a contingent matter how things are, what things there are is entirely a matter of necessity. The majority of contemporary modal metaphysicians reject this...

Concrete Necessary Numbers God Contingent Fiction Stuff Our experiments in Isabelle/HOL confirm that the conclusion C: ∃x.Necessary x ∧ Concrete x follows from premises P2: ∃x.Necessary x ∧ Abstract x, P3: ∀x.Abstract x → Dependent x, P4: ∀x.Dependent x → (∃y.Independent y ∧ x dependsOn y) and P5: ∀x.Necessary x → (∀y.x dependsOn y → Necessary y). Here, Necessary and Concrete are uninterpreted ...

If we want to give an account of the relation between those truths which have truthmakers and those portions of reality which make them true, a good place to start is with the notion of necessitation, which can be defined thus: x necessitates p if and only if: x exists and (that x exists entails that p). It is then tempting to embrace a simple definition of truthmaking along the following lines...