Evidentiality or, following the French linguistic tradition, “mediativity” is a complex and controversial category, with an already extensive body of literature devoted to other languages few studies focusing on Portuguese. As conceptual abstracting away from its means expression, which some extent present in such as Portuguese that lack specific grammatical system for codification, evidentiali...

to know every phenomenon the first step is to know its root. hygiene and medicine have noble origin from the beginning of the recorded human history; in fact, they have been the milestone of human society. medical history will help us to know this background and roots and achaemenid period as a brilliant age of iranian heritage is meritorious to be studied. the present study is an attempt to fi...

along with the beginning of novel and short story writing in persian and urdu languages various literary movements like realism, social realism and surrealism overshadowed the contemporary literature of iran and pakistan. modern prose of persian and urdu consists of great assets from novels and short stories, and their considerable background . during various periods of the growth and prosperit...

The Persian Universal Dependency Treebank (Persian UD) is a recent effort of treebanking Persian with Universal Dependencies (UD), an ongoing project that designs unified and cross-linguistically valid grammatical representations including part-of-speech tags, morphological features, and dependency relations. The Persian UD is the converted version of the Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank (UP...

Frequencies and discourse functions of grammatical subject types were investigated in a corpus of forty results and discussion sections selected from four disciplines (Applied Linguistics, Psychology, Chemistry, and Environmental Engineering). The results and discussion sections were selected from research articles that were published in 2008-2012 issues of prestigious high journals of ...

Many languages show systematic marking for evidentiality, indicating the source of a speaker’s information, the modality by which that information was gained, and the speaker’s stance towards the veracity of the information. Among the meanings expressed through such markings are quotativity, distance, reportedness, surprise, eyevs. ear-witness, and in general any sort of “mediation” by the spea...