For the detection of contaminations in urban water supply networks we introduce a continuous optimal control model governed by partial differential equations. We derive a linear mixedinteger model by discretization of the dynamics of the partial differential equations and by approximations to the cost functional. Finally, we present numerical results for artificial and real-world networks.

Contaminations of the population lens and transient absorption in thc obsened thermal lens signal sometimes cause a misinterpretation of the signal. Rcccntly, we ha1.c developed several methods to evaluate the relative contributions of these components in thc observed thermal lens signal. These methods with reccnt results are sumtnarizcd, and mcrits and limitations of each method are discussed.

Sensing of pathogens by innate immune cells is essential for the initiation of appropriate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are highly sensitive for various structurally and evolutionary conserved molecules derived from microbes have a prominent role in this process. TLR engagement results in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which induces the expression of cy...

The carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the top-selling commercial cut-flower crops worldwide, which is very susceptible to infections. Micro propagation is an advanced biotechnological system for producing free of pathogen colonies. Too many factors may limit micro propagation of plants, which the most important of them is contamination (e.g., fungal, bacterial and viral infections). T...

Contaminations of cell cultures with microbiological organisms are well documented and can be managed in cell culture laboratories applying reliable detection, elimination and prevention strategies. However, the presence of viral contaminations in cell cultures is still a matter of debate and cannot be determined with general detection methods. In the present study we screened 577 human cell li...

BACKGROUND The dialysis patient is confronted with hundreds of litres of dialysis solution per week, which pass the natural protective barriers of the body and are brought into contact with the tissue directly in the case of peritoneal dialysis or indirectly in the case of renal dialysis (hemodialysis). The components can be tested for living specimens or dead pyrogenic (fever-inducing) contami...