Congenital deformities of the upper extremity are rare. They are often associated with other, more severe disorders of the cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurologic, and musculoskeletal systems. Most upper-extremity congenital anomalies are minor and cause no functional deficits, and surgical reconstruction is therefore unnecessary. If a severe cosmetic deformity is present or there is significa...

Bilateral cleft lip repairs can result in various secondary deformities. One more commonly seen deformity, the whistle deformity, is characterized by a reduced or absent tubercle, orbicularis muscle diastasis, and abnormalities of the philtrum with notched appearance of cupid's bow. Various techniques have been described to address these problems. One common procedure is the lip-switch flap ori...

BACKGROUND The repair of a bilateral cleft is more difficult than a unilateral repair because of numerous anatomical challenges, such as difficulty of repairing the skin and muscle overlying the protruded premaxilla and bilateral nasal reconstruction with shortening of the columella. An optimum outcome is achieved when all of the deformities of the primary cleft palate, the problems of scar and...

background vermilion irregularities are common secondary deformities after cleft lip repair, regressed or resected hemangiomas, trauma and tumor surgeries. vermilion deficiency attracts considerable attention and detracts from an otherwise excellent lip repair. minor and moderate vermilion defects can be corrected with upper lip advancement, rotation flaps, tongue flaps or grafts. major defects...