Establishing the measurement equivalence of instruments is a prerequisite to making meaningful comparisons between individuals or within individuals over time. Whereas previous research has investigated the effects of rater characteristics on the measurement equivalence of performance ratings, the current study investigated a ratee characteristic – ratee job experience. Using confirmatory facto...

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This study tested for measurement invariance of VandeWalle’s (1997) goal orientation instrument across Korean and American workers using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Across groups, learning and proving orientations were invariant, but avoiding goal orientation was partially noninvariant. Implications for goal orientation and comparisons between Korean and American respondents are d...

Patient-centered care that empowers individuals to take control of their health can improve health outcomes, especially during pregnancy. This study developed and tested a pregnancy-related empowerment scale (PRES). Phase 1 developed and validated a 16-item scale using expert panel review, focus group and think-aloud interviews with pregnant women and a small pilot. Phase 2 used committee trans...

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a multidimensional instrument for college students’ readiness for online learning. Through a confirmatory factor analysis, the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS) was validated in five dimensions: self-directed learning, motivation for learning, computer/Internet self-efficacy, learner control, and online communication self-efficacy. Rese...

The HOPE Scale was introduced with initial validity evidence at the 2009 AERA conference. Based on these results a new validity study was conducted on revisions made to the Scale. Items were added and the HOPE Scale was completed by a new sample of 71 teachers on their respective 1700 students. Using these data, the HOPE Scale was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group CFA...

Acquiring new consumers is an expensive process. More often, profits are generated only during the later stage of serving loyal consumers. An increase in the number of e-businesses results in an urgency to better understand the concept of e-loyalty. This research therefore aims to provide some insights as to how technological aspects, namely Website quality and product/technology innovation, ma...

Researchers often compare groups of individuals on psychological variables. When comparing groups an assumption is made that the instrument measures the same psychological construct in all groups. If this assumption holds, the comparisons are valid and differences/similarities between groups can be meaningfully interpreted. If this assumption does not hold, comparisons and interpretations are n...

This research aimed at investigating the impact of website features and involvement on immediate online shopping. The research is applied in terms of type and it is causative in terms of methodology. The statistical population consisted of all citizens of Tabriz, who have purchased clothes online at least once and 260 individuals were chosen randomly and the questionnaires were collected accord...