By a spherical gravitating condenser we mean two concentric charged shells made of perfect fluids restricted by the condition that the electric field is nonvanishing only between the shells. Flat space is assumed inside the inner shell. By using Israel’s formalism we first analyze the general system of N shells and then concentrate on the two-shell condensers. Energy conditions are taken into a...

Zernike phase contrast x-ray microscope has been developed at the undulator beamline 20XU and 47XU of SPring-8. The system consists of a pseudo-Köhler-illuminating system, a Fresnel zone plate objective with outermost zone width of 100 nm, a Zernike phase plate (0.96-m-thick tantalum, /4 or 3/4 phase-shifter at 8 keV) installed at the back-focal plane of the objective, and a visible-light co...

The performance of various working fluids for automotive air conditioning was calculated using a computer simulation. The model solves for the steady-state performance of a system that consists of a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator, either with or without a liquid line/suction l i e interchanger. Condenser and evaporator performance is calculated based of user-defined valu...

One of the long standing problems affecting electron holography, such as lateral coherence limitation, has been solved by the split illumination method with a specially customized transmission electron microscope (TEM). The customized TEM has single [1] or double [2] biprisms in a condenser optical system. Conventional TEM, constructed for electron holography, however, does not have any biprism...

Abstract—This paper describes a novel sensor device, a pressure pulse wave meter, which uses a bidirectional condenser microphone. The microphone work as a microphone as well as a sensor with high gain over a wide frequency range; they are also highly reliable and economic. Currently aging is becoming a serious social issue in Japan causing increased medical expenses in the country. Hence, it i...

Membrane Condenser (MC) is a novel membrane contactor operation recently investigated for the valorization of industrial waste gaseous streams. In particular, until now, it was applied for water recovery from flue gas, cooling tower plumes, etc. More recently, its effectiveness and flexibility in contaminants (such as, NH3 , HF, SO2 ) removal and control from waste gaseous streams was also prov...

There is a demand for reduced power consumption in the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Coefficient of performance of window-air conditioners considerably decreases and power consumption increases under very hot conditions. These problems have encouragecl studies aimed at improving the performance of window-air-conditioners by enhancing the heat transfer rate in the condenser. In this ar...

background : among the industrial activities that may cause odor nuisance problems, baking waste one is of the sources of bad odor, and therefore individuals complain from the industry. the aim of this study was to evaluation of pollutants released from poultry rendering plant and also performance of existing refiners in removing these pollutants.   methods : in this study, 66 air samples were ...