Isolated outer envelope membrane from pea (Pisum sativum L.) chloroplasts can be used in vitro to study binding and partial translocation of precursor proteins destined for the inside of the organelle. Efficient binding to a receptor protein on the outside of the membrane vesicle and generation of a translocation intermediate depends strictly on the presence of ATP. Protease treatment of the tr...

A b s t r a c t The variation of silicate dissolution and crystallization rates with chemical affinity and solution composition can be quantified by the identification of the rate controlling precursor complex. The nature of this complex depends on the individual mineral structure. Specifically, the destruction of quartz and anorthite frameworks requires the breaking of only one type of structu...

[Mn4O4{O2P(OtBu)2}6] (1), an Mn4O4 cubane complex combining the structural inspiration of the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex with thermolytic precursor ligands, was synthesized and fully characterized. Core oxygen atoms within complex 1 are transferred upon reaction with an oxygen-atom acceptor (PEt3), to give the butterfly complex [Mn4O2{O2P(OtBu)2}6(OPEt3)2]. The cubane structure is r...

caco3 nanoparticles have been synthesized via heat-treatment of a new precursor and solid state reaction. effect of calcinations temperature and quantity of surfactant on particle size has been investigated. the products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscopy (tem) and fourier transform infrared (ft–ir) spectroscopy.

abstract leukemia is known as the world’s fifth most prevalent cancer. new cytotoxic drugs have created considerable progress in the treatment, but side effects are still the important cause of mortality. plant derivatives have been recently considered as important sources for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. gallic acid (ga) is a polyhydroxyphenolic compound with a wide ran...

Neural precursor cells in Drosophila arise from the ectoderm in the embryo and from imaginal disc epithelia in the larva. In both cases, this process requires daughterless and the proneural genes achaete, scute and lethal-of-scute of the achaete-scute complex. These genes encode basic helix-loop-helix proteins, which are nuclear transcription factors, as does the asense gene of the achaete-scut...

LC-MALDI provides an often overlooked opportunity to exploit the separation between LC-MS and MS/MS stages of a 2D-LC-MS-based proteomics experiment, that is, by making a smarter selection for precursor fragmentation. Apex Peptide Elution Chain Selection (APECS) is a simple and powerful method for intensity-based peptide selection in a complex sample separated by 2D-LC, using a MALDI-TOF/TOF in...

When the in vitro synthesized precursor of a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHCP) from Lemna gibba is imported into barley etiochloroplasts, it is processed to a single form. Both the processed form and the precursor are found in the thylakoid membranes, assembled into the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. Neither form can be detected in the stromal fraction. The re...