background in the golestan cohort study that was launched to investigate the causes of esophageal cancer, a complete biospecimen bank was established for storage of collected blood, urine, hair, and nail samples. the objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of nail samples as a biomarker of selected trace elements status. methods thirty toenail samples were selected randomly from...

abscess formation following intramuscular injections is rare and they are most commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals. in this case series we present a cohort of three patients presented to us in a critically ill condition with an abscess due to intramuscular injection. vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all three patients. these patients posed a major challeng...

OBJECTIVES We examined 2 birth cohort effects on antibiotic prescribing during the first year of life (henceforth, infancy) in Denmark: (1) the birth season effect on timing and overall occurrence of antibiotic prescribing, and (2) the birth year effect amid emerging nationwide pneumococcal vaccination programs and changing prescribing guidelines. METHODS We linked data for all live births in...

Gender differences in educational outcomes were examined in a birth cohort of over 1,000 Christchurch born children studied from the point of school entry to the age of 18. This analysis suggested three major conclusions: i) Throughout the school career of this cohort males achieved less well than females. Gender differences were evident in the results of standardised testing, teacher ratings o...

BACKGROUND Childhood socio-economic position (SEP) is associated with adult smoking status. Previous studies have investigated mediation by educational attainment. The aim of this study is to examine whether childhood psychosocial factors (cognitive ability, psychosocial adjustment and parental involvement) are important in the association between childhood SEP and adult smoking status over and...

OBJECTIVES Promoting unstructured outside play is a promising vehicle to increase children's physical activity (PA). This study investigates if factors of the social environment moderate the relationship between the perceived physical environment and outside play. STUDY DESIGN 1875 parents from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study reported on their child's outside play around age five years, and 1516...