Cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy have been integrated into a highly structured package for the treatment of social phobia termed cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT). The first two sessions of CBGT for social phobia are devoted to training clients in the basic tenets of cognitive therapy. Clients learn to identify their own irrational thoughts and to challenge the content of th...

Objective: Dysfunctional beliefs of tuberculosis patients have pivotal role in treatment and development of their serious psychiatric problems. Cognitive group psychotherapy has been utilized to manage the dysfunctional beliefs. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study and a pretest and posttest design, 24 male tubercular patients were selected by convenient sampling and then randomly assigned...

This paper distinguishes among four kinds of beliefs: conviction, confidence, perception, conception. Conviction concerns self-ability:“I can build these stairs.” Confidence also concerns the self—ut focuses on the assertion of will in the face of weakness of will. Perception is about the environment such as weather prediction. Conception is also about the environment—but usually couched with c...

According to Beck's cognitive model of depression the activation of dysfunctional beliefs triggers negative automatic thoughts, which can be interpreted as the proximal "cause" for emotional, somatic, and motivational symptoms of depression. This top-down processes of beliefs causing thoughts and furthermore of thoughts causing symptoms can be called "cognitive hierarchy." Besides these process...

Research findings on the specific relationships between beliefs and OCD symptoms have been inconsistent, yet the existing studies vary in their approach to measuring the highly heterogeneous symptoms of this disorder. The Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) is a new measure that allows for the assessment of OCD symptom dimensions, rather than types of obsessions and compulsions per se...