We propose and study coercive subtyping, a formal extension with subtyping of dependent type theories such as Martin-LL of's type theory 38] and the type theory UTT 30]. In this approach, subtyping with speciied implicit coercions is treated as a feature at the level of the logical framework; in particular, the meaning of an object being in a supertype is given by coercive deenition rules for t...

BACKGROUND Children with developmental disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviour are potentially subject to the use of coercive interventions. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of the use of coercive measures by authorities, according to parents' reports. MATERIALS AND METHODS A postal survey was distributed, as a total population study, to 946 Finnish parents of chi...

Coercive subtyping is a useful and powerful framework of subtyping for type theories. The key idea of coercive subtyping is subtyping as abbreviation. In this paper, we give a new and adequate formulation of T [C], the system that extends a type theory T with coercive subtyping based on a set C of basic subtyping judgements, and show that coercive subtyping is a conservative extension and, in a...

Conflict between parents and adolescents involves reciprocal exchanges in which family members influence and shape each other's behavior. This study uses multilevel path analysis to examine interrelations in observed behavior during 15-min conflict discussions conducted by 103 family triads, looking specifically at parent coercive and youth avoidant behaviors. We also explore the moderating rol...

In a classic article reviewing the field of planned change, Chin and Benne (1984) outlined three meta-approaches to the implementation of change in social and organizational contexts. These meta-theories of change – Rational-Empirical, Normative-Reeducative, and Power-Coercive – summarized the field of then-existing knowledge related to innovation at a systems level. Chin and Benne’s resulting ...

Results In the group of 2,587 involuntarily admitted patients (average age: 38.2 y) coercive measures were used in 32.2% of them (in 55% of men and 45% of women). The frequency of the use of coercive measures in individual centers varied substantially between 9.1% in Slovakia and 59.2% in Poland. In the majority of patients more than one coercive measure was applied. In 9 centers the most frequ...

Coercive subtyping is a useful and powerful framework of subtyping for type theories. In this thesis, we point out the problem in the old formulation of coercive subtyping in [Luo99], give a new and adequate formulation T [C], the system that extends a type theory T with coercive subtyping based on a set C of basic subtyping judgements, and show that coercive subtyping is a conservative extensi...

Coercive subtyping ooers a general approach to subtyping and inheritance by introducing a simple abbreviational mechanism to constructive type theories. In this paper, we study coercion completion in coercive subtyping and prove that the formal extension with coercive subtyping of a type theory such as Martin-LL of's type theory and UTT is a conservative extension. The importance of coherence c...

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric advance directives are intended to enable self-determined treatment for patients who lose decisional capacity, and thus reduce the need for coercive interventions such as police transport, involuntary commitment, seclusion and restraints, and involuntary medications during mental health crises; whether PADs can help prevent the use of these interventions in practice is u...