BACKGROUND Elemental sulfur exists is a variety of forms in natural systems, from dissolved forms (noted as S8(diss) or in water as S8(aq)) to bulk elemental sulfur (most stable as α-S8). Elemental sulfur can form via several biotic and abiotic processes, many beginning with small sulfur oxide or polysulfidic sulfur molecules that coarsen into S8 rings that then coalesce into larger forms: [For...

Dealloyed nanoporous gold spontaneously coarsens when exposed to moderate temperatures (thermal coarsening), or non-inert gases liquids at room temperature (chemical coarsening). Although considerable research has been done on post-dealloying thermal coarsening, little attention paid chemical occurring not during, but after dealloying. Here, we use small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/W...

This work presents an algorithm for coarsening all-hexahedral meshes while maintaining all-hexahedral connectivity. The dual of a mesh is described and the constraints on hexahedral mesh modi cation are explained. This paper then describes how mesh coarsening can be performed by using the information contained in the dual.

In our earlier works, we coined the phrase granular probabilistic reasoning and showed a local coarsening result. In this paper, we present a non-local method for coarsening variables (i.e., the variables are spread throughout the network) and establish its correctness.