Cloud development, the onset of precipitation and the effect of aerosol on clouds depend on the structure of the cloud profiles of droplet size and phase. Aircraft measurements of cloud profiles are limited in their temporal and spatial extent. Satellites were used to observe cloud tops not cloud profiles with vertical profiles of precipitation-sized droplets anticipated from CloudSat. The rece...

Electronic health record (EHR) system facilitates integrating patients' medical information and improves service productivity. However, user access to patient data in a privacy-preserving manner is still challenging problem. Many studies concerned with security and privacy in EHR systems. Rezaeibagha and Mu [1] have proposed a hybrid architecture for privacy-preserving accessing patient records...

1. introduction the process by which the net radiation is transformed to the atmospheric dynamical energy, occur to a large degree at the interface between the surface and the atmosphere. as the driving force for such process, an accurate estimation of the net radiation at the earth’s surface is a necessary input for surface process models. net radiation is a key component in the surface radiat...

Very energetic cosmic rays entering the atmosphere of Earth will create a plasma cloud moving with almost the speed of light. The magnetic field of Earth induces an electric current in this cloud which is responsible for the emission of coherent electromagnetic radiation. We propose to search for a new effect: Because of the index of refraction of air, this radiation is collimated in a Cherenko...

Modifications of existing clouds by the exhaust of ships are well-known but inadequately quantified impacts, which could contribute to climate change. The perturbation of a cloud layer by ship-generated aerosol changes the cloud reflectivity and is identified by long curves in satellite images, known as ship tracks. As ship tracks indicate a pollution of a very clean marine environment and also...

To help advance the understanding of cloud life cycle and improve model skill in representing clouds, Deng et al. (2003a and b) investigated cloud processes, and developed a mass-flux-based shallow/deep convection parameterization (SCP, hereafter referred as the Penn State SCP) scheme that involves all aspects of the cloud life cycle, including dynamics, microphysics and radiation. In the Penn ...

Present-day Arctic and Antarctic radiation budgets of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) are presented. The CCM3 simulation is from a prescribed and interannually varying sea surface temperature integration from January 1979 through August 1993. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data from 1985 through 1989 are used for validation of top-...

background: finding a suitable method for rapid, accurate and reliable estimation of absorbed dose has high priority in management of the radiation exposed persons. shortly after radiation exposure, apoptosis is a major detriment in proliferative tissues such as the hematopoietic system. therefore, quantification of apoptosis in these tissues could be useful for rapid estimation of radiation ex...

The solar radiation is the origin of energy for the photosynthesis and forest productivities. On the other hand, clouds constantly appear, move and disappear all the time and influence atmospheric and radiation conditions at the same time. Therefore, to understand cloud parameters which consist of cloud covers, its distributions and types etc. for a short time interval can help us to estimate s...

The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5HAM. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number concentrations and mixing state. The simulated liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud droplet and ice crystal number c...