purpose : to evaluate the role of orthoptic treatments in the management of intermittent exotropia methods : in a retrospective study, clinical records of patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia were reviewed. patients with basic, convergence insufficiency (ci) and divergence excess (de) types of intermittent exotropia who underwent orthoptic treatments were enrolled. office treatments i...

Vaccine developers are required to submit a clinical trial application to the authorities in each country where a clinical trial will be conducted. The application has to be made both to the relevant Ethics Committees and to the National Regulatory Authorities, and only after appropriate clearance by both can a clinical trial commence. This paper describes two specific strategies, joint reviews...

The randomized clinical trial (RCT) is generally accepted as the best method of comparing effects of therapies. Most often the aim of an RCT is to show that a new therapy is superior to an established therapy or placebo, i.e. they are planned and performed as superiority trials. Sometimes the aim of an RCT is just to show that a new therapy is not superior but equivalent to or not inferior to a...

background : wilson disease (wd) is an autosomal recessive progressive degeneration of hepatolenticular tissue that causes the increase of copper deposition in the liver and other organs, with resultant hepatic, neurologic and psychological manifestations. wd is fatal if left untreated. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the clinical and para-clinical findings in children with wd in s...

A recent essay in CBE-Life Sciences Education criticized biology education researchers' use of the term misconceptions and recommended that, in order to be up-to-date with education research, biology education researchers should use alternative terms for students' incorrect ideas in science. We counter that criticism by reviewing the continued use and the meaning of misconceptions in education ...

Despite considerable progress within wilderness and adventure therapy research over the last decade, researchers are still unable to precisely answer why, how, and for whom this treatment modality works. There is also a need for more knowledge regarding the circumstances under which the treatment does not appear to be effective. In this realist synthesis, we attempt to unpack this "black box" o...

Although the field of gene therapy has experienced significant setbacks and limited success, it is one of the most promising and active research fields in medicine. Interest in this therapeutic modality is based on the potential for treatment and cure of some of the most malignant and devastating diseases affecting humans. Over the next decade, the relevance of gene therapy to medical practices...