The eddy-driven jet is located in the midlatitudes, bounded on one side by the pole and often bounded on the opposite side by a strong Hadley-driven jet. This work explores how the eddy-driven jet and its variability persist within these limits. It is demonstrated in a barotropic model that as the jet is located at higher latitudes, the eddy length scale increases as predicted by spherical Ross...

due to structural characteristics and spiritual concepts which are latent inside iranian gardens, it has always drawn attention of domestic and foreign researchers and one of the objectives of these researchers was an attempt to achieve historical garden model in iran which have been modified or subjected to decline. the studies, which have been carried out concerning to iranian historical gard...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Sclerochronology Special issue Environmental proxies Decadal climate variability Resource management High-resolution proxy archives from aquatic settings are essential to better understand processes and mechanisms of global change. During the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that calcified tissues of bivalve mollusks and cold-water corals, in parti...

There is currently no consensus on the importance of climate change in Mesoamerican prehistory. Some invoke drought as a causal factor in major cultural transitions, including the abandonment of many sites at 900 CE, while others conclude that cultural factors were more important. This lack of agreement reflects the fact that the history of climate change in many regions of Mesoamerica is poorl...

Understanding the dynamics of climate change in its full richness requires the knowledge of long temperature time series. Although long-term, widely distributed temperature observations are not available, there are other forms of data, known as climate proxies, that can have a statistical relationship with temperatures and have been used to infer temperatures in the past before direct measureme...

In palaeoclimate reconstruction, the natural modelling direction is forwards from climate to sensors to proxy measurements. Statistical methods can be used to invert this direction, making climate inferences from proxy measurements. Among these methods, the Bayesian method would seem to deal best with the substantial epistemic uncertainties about climate, and about its impact on sensors. The ma...

The Mann et al. (1998) Northern Hemisphere annual temperature reconstruction over 1400–1980 is examined in light of recent criticisms concerning the nature and processing of included climate proxy data. A systematic sequence of analyses is presented that examine issues concerning the proxy evidence, utilizing both indirect analyses via exclusion of proxies and processing steps subject to critic...

Our country, Iran, is in the category of waterless and survived countries because of lack of climate downfalls to its unsuitable local to temporal transmittance. Environmental concerns mainly after 1960s that have boon seriously proposed in universal politics, created a variety of assessments. In the late decades, environmental change such as: climate change, has caused chief challenges for the...