Building on Wright and Masters (1982), several Rasch estimation methods are briefly described, including Marginal Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MMLE) and minimum chi-square methods. General attributes of Rasch estimation algorithms are discussed, including the handling of missing data, precision and accuracy, estimate consistency, bias and symmetry. Reasons for, and the implications of, measur...

Distribution of the goods from a producer to a customer is one of the most important tasks of transportation. This paper focuses on the usage of genetic algorithms (GA) for optimizing problems in transportation, namely vehicle routing problem (VRP). VRP falls in the field of NP-hard problems, which cannot be solved in polynomial time. The problem was solved using genetic algorithm with two type...

abstract background brucellosis is endemic in iran, and is seen in all age groups, including children. its diagnosis in childhood needs a high index of suspicion. the diagnostic methods currently in use need evaluation for analytical performance. objective the present study tries to evaluate the hematological indices, serologic markers of inflammation and symptoms in patients suspected of bruce...

Twenty years ago, Nancy Cartwright wrote a perceptive essay in which she clearly distinguished causal relations from associations, introduced philosophers to Simpson’s paradox, articulated the difficulties for reductive probabilistic analyses of causation that flow from these observations, and connected causal relations with strategies of action (Cartwright 1979). Five years later, without appr...

By applying a filter this algorithm can reduce the number of polygons generated by subdividing a mesh dynamically. This algorithm is designed especially for real-time engines where the geometrical complexity is critical. It also avoids edge cracks and is generally more efficient than a general-purpose polygon reduction algorithm.