Background: Hospitals as one of the most important organizations in the service sector of Iran need creative and innovative managers to survive. We need such managers in today's turbulent environment. In order to have creative and innovative managers, appropriate contexts are required to enable the growth of ideas and bring them to the implementation phase. The aim of this study was to investig...

Introduction: Knowing the correct timing of orthodontic treatment is essential, especially for general dentists, who are the first link in the patient's treatment chain. To achieve desired results and save patient’s time and money, treatment must be done at the right time. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of general dentists in Karaj about the appropriate time for orthodon...

Abstract With the rapid growth of population and urbanization since the last century, the complexity and understanding of the spatial organization of the city, as well as the ability to predict urban events in its spaces, have become difficult and in some cases impossible. Karaj metropolis is one of the major metropolitan areas of Iran that has been experiencing rapid population growth and thi...

cement is an essential ingredient in the concrete buildings. for production of cement considerable amount of fossil fuel and electrical energy is consumed. on the other hand for generating one tone of portland cement, nearly one ton of carbon dioxide is released. it shows that 7 percent of the total released carbon dioxide in the world relates to the cement industry. considering ecological issu...