Citrobacter sp. is a commensal flora and an infrequent nosocomial pathogen to cause nuisance in hospital settings. Recently, the isolation of this pathogen in health care setting is rising and the multidrug resistant strains are emerging. This pathogen cause wide array of infections and the mortality rate is unexpectedly high of 30.0-60.0%. Extended spectrum cephalosporins have been used to tre...

Autophagy is an important mechanism used by macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens. The results reported in this study demonstrate that autophagy is also involved in the macrophage killing of the extracellular enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium after phagocytosis. The process was significantly impaired in macrophages isolated from mice chronically infected with the helminth parasite Heli...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a negative regulator of lymphocyte responses that is expressed predominantly in macrophages and dendritic cells. We detected it at high levels in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph node of young adult mice, suggesting a role in intestinal immunity. Consistent with this idea, we found that IDO-deficient mice had elevated baseline levels of immunoglobuli...

Bioflocculation, being environmental-friendly and highly efficient, is considered to be a promising method to harvest microalgae. However, one limitation of this technology is high expense on substrates for bioflocculant bacteria cultivation. In this regard, we developed an innovative method for the inner-recycling of biomass that could harvest the typical microalgae, Microcystis aeruginosa, us...

While there has been growing interest in the gut microbiome in recent years, it remains unclear whether closely related species and strains have similar or distinct functional roles and if organisms capable of both aerobic and anaerobic growth do so simultaneously. To investigate these questions, we implemented a high-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach to identify proteins i...

Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp. isolated from the human gut were investigated for the biosynthesis of cellulose and curli fimbriae (csg). While Citrobacter spp. produced curli fimbriae and cellulose and Enterobacter spp. produced cellulose with various temperature-regulatory programs, Klebsiella spp. did not show pronounced expression of those extracellular matrix compo...

The genus Citrobacter has long been recognized as a saprophyte in the alimentary tract of man (Wilson and Miles, 1964), but its role as a pathogen has been questioned. It is frequently cultured together with other organisms in mixed growths from wounds, urines, and sputa from adults, when it is usually an unimportant saprophyte. We present evidence showing that this organism can be pathogenic, ...

The web construction behavior of newly emerged Uloborus is more complex than heretofore supposed; large numbers of very fine non-radial threads are produced even though the spider moves only in radial directions on the web. This type of web may be universal in recently emerged Uloborus spiderlings, and a very similar web is made by mature males of at least one Uloborus species.