The paper presents a hypothesis that the most probable cause of death ancient world Indus (Harappa) civilization was epidemic Asiatic cholera. A brief description existed for two millennia (3300–1300 BC) is given. It shown previously described factors decline thriving (climate change, shallowing river and reduction in floods, catastrophic drought, economic crisis, etc.) do not provide consisten...

Cholera, caused by infection with toxigenic Vibrio cholerae bacteria of serogroup O1 (>99% of global cases) or O139, is characterized by watery diarrhea that can be severe and rapidly fatal without prompt rehydration. Cholera is endemic in approximately 60 countries and causes epidemics as well. Globally, cholera results in an estimated 2.9 million cases of disease and 95,000 deaths annually (1...

Introduction.?Koch in 1883 isolated the cholera vibrio from cholera patients in Calcutta. Tinkler and Prior (1884) and Deneke (1885) described vibrios resembling Koch's vibrio that had been isolated from non-choleraic material. In the twelve years following the discovery of the cholera vibrio, Metchnikof, Sanarelli, Gunter, Foker oftid other workers isolated vibrios indistinguishable morphologi...

of anti-cholera vaccine. It is divided into three parts, viz., the preparation of an anti-cholera vaccine, immunization of man against cholera and the anti-cholera vaccine after its devitalisation. It is pointed out that such is the variability of the germ of cholera that it is essential to first select the particular variety of the germ which is to be selected as " authenic and appropriate." W...

In endemic centres of cholera such as Calcutta and in areas where cholera occurs in epidemic form, vibrios can be isolated not only from cholera cases but also from contacts, healthy individuals, waters, flies and other sources. These vibrios may be divided into two great classes, vibrios that are agglutinable by ** specific cholera serum and those that are not agglutinable by this serum. The c...

Incidence of cholera outbreak is a serious issue in underdeveloped and developing countries. In Zimbabwe, after the massive outbreak in 2008-09, cholera cases and deaths are reported every year from some provinces. Substantial number of reported cholera cases in some provinces during and after the epidemic in 2008-09 indicates a plausible presence of seasonality in cholera incidence in those re...

BACKGROUND Cholera has afflicted the Indian sub-continent for centuries, predominantly in West Bengal and modern-day Bangladesh. This preliminary study aims to understand the current level of knowledge of cholera in female Bangladeshi caretakers, which is important in the outcome of the disease and its spread. A pilot study was conducted among 85 women in Bangladesh using qualitative questionna...

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate patterns can have profound impacts on the occurrence of infectious diseases ranging from dengue to cholera. In Africa, El Niño conditions are associated with increased rainfall in East Africa and decreased rainfall in southern Africa, West Africa, and parts of the Sahel. Because of the key role of water supplies in cholera transmission, ...

BACKGROUND In the last decades, attention to cholera epidemiology increased, as cholera epidemics became a worldwide health problem. Detailed investigation of V. cholerae interactions with its host and with other organisms in the environment suggests that cholera dynamics is much more complex than previously thought. Here, I formulate a mathematical model of cholera epidemiology that incorporat...

background: the ability to sensitively detect vibrio cholera with pcr-elisa method represents a considerable advancement over alternative more time-consuming methods for detection of this pathogen. the aim of this research is to evaluate the suitability of a pcr-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sensitive and rapid detection of v. cholera o1. methods: the 398-bp sequence of a gene that code...