background: chewing-gum may serve as an effective oral hygiene device when brushing may not be possible. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chewing sugar-free gum twice a day after meals in addition to tooth brushing on dental plaque and interdental debris.     methods: twenty four (12 males and 12 females aged 20-21 years) healthy third-year dental students participated...

background: qat (also known as khat , kat and miraa ) is a green-leaved plant ( catha edulis ). it is a shrub indigenous to yemen and certain parts of eastern africa. chewing the leaves, which have sympathomimetic and euphoric effects, has been documented in many countries and increased with worldwide migration. the effect of long-term chewing qat on the oral cavity is unknown. objective: a sys...

background: chewing sugar-free gums is a convenient way to increase salivary flow. salivary flow increases in response to both gustatory (taste) and mechanical (chewing) stimuli, and chewing gum can provide both of these stimuli. the aim of this study was to compare the effect of five different flavors of sugar-free chewing gum on the salivary flow rate (sfr) and ph. materials and methods: fift...

To determine the effects of acute coca use on the hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise, 12 healthy nonhabitual coca users were submitted twice to steady-state exercise (approximately 75% maximal O2 uptake). On one occasion, they were asked to chew 15 g of coca leaves 1 h before exercise, whereas on the other occasion, exercise was performed after 1 h of chewing a sugar-free chewing gum....

BACKGROUND Recently, khat chewing has become a common practice among high school, college, and university students. Regular khat chewing is thought to be a predisposing factor for different physical and mental health problems. It can lead to absenteeism from work and classes. In Ethiopia, to our knowledge no published study has investigated khat withdrawal symptoms. Therefore, this study was co...

The chewing lice (Phthiraptera) of Columbidae (Columbiformes) from Pakistan are studied. Six species of chewing lice with new host records are recorded and one new species of the genus Colpocephalum is described from Columba livia in the Karachi region. All the columbid chewing lice from Pakistan are keyed out and the new species is illustrated and compared with the closest allied species.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of different chewing rates on salivary cortisol levels as a stress indicator. METHODS The subject group consisted of 16 healthy males. They were required to rest for 30 min, and then given arithmetic calculations to perform for 30 min as stress loading. Immediately after, the first set of saliva specimens (S1) was collected over a pe...

OBJECTIVE Areca nut chewing is carcinogenic to humans. However, little is known about the impact of areca nut chewing on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 286 ESCC patients who received surgery or preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery at our institution. Background characteristics including areca nut chewing history were analyzed. The ...