We have investigated the earth station errors in two-way time transfer. A 3.7-m earth station and a very small aperture terminal earth station were used in these experiments along with a transponder located on a mountain about 10 km away. The temperature coefficient of the receive delay for the 3.7 m NIST earth station was ( 150 30) ps/K, and the temperature coefficient for the transmit delay w...

Abstract Since 2010 United Nations declared that for the first time in history up to 50% of mankind is living urban areas, implying challenges connected with global changes need be evaluated primarily within systems, using most advanced available technologies. Earth observation nowadays promising field research assisting planners, city managers, and building designers their work improving resil...

Earth-Shelter construction is one of the aspects in architecture where the thermal mass of the earth behind the outer walls are applied in order to reduce heat loss and keep the internal temperature at human comfort range. In case of earth-shelter buildings, housing is especially important. As for its applicability the earth-shelter provides good housing. Typological studies of earth-shelter co...