In the present review, some aspects of the cellular response following the murine Schistosoma mansoni infection are described. Due to the peculiar route used by the schistosome to infect its definitive host, the skin appears as a critical site in which the initial events of the host/parasite relationship occur and where the immune response is initiated. Moreover, the induction and the modulatio...

Background Vitiligo is a skin disorder that affects 1% to 2% of the world population, independently of ethnicity. It presents with white plaques and skin discoloration. The presence of antibodies against melanocytes confirms the autoimmune phenomena in this disease. Regarding cellular imune response in active vitiligo, it seems to be an imbalance between T cell CD8+ and CD4+, and, moreover, an ...

Lymphocytes, the cells competent to initiate immune responses, can be divided into two major groups: thymus-derived or T cells responsible for "cellular immunity" (e.g. delayed hypersensitivity reactions) and bursa (or bursa-equivalent) derived or B cells which produce immunoglobulin (antibody) molecules and are involved in "humoral immunity". "Accessory" cells, such as monocytes (or macrophage...

Insects like many other organisms are exposed to a wide range of infectious agents. Defense against these agents is provided by innate immune systems, which include physical barriers, humoral responses, and cellular responses. The humoral responses are characterized by the production of antimicrobial peptides, while the cellular defense responses include nodulation, encapsulation, melanization ...

Although cellular immunity is essential for the elimination of human papillomavirus (HPV), the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. We summarize the main mechanisms involved in cellular immune response to infections caused by HPV. Immunotherapies for HPV-related cancers require the disruption of T-cell response control mechanisms, associated with the stimulation of the Th1 cytokine ...

Despite a strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response directed against viral antigens, untreated individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) develop AIDS. We have found that primary T cells infected with HIV-1 downregulate surface MHC class I antigens and are resistant to lysis by HLA-A2-restricted CTL clones. In contrast, cells infected with an HIV-1 in which the nef ge...

Antigen-mediated stimulation of thymidine incorporation was demonstrated in lymph node cells from guinea pigs immunized with 100 microg human serum albumin in either Freund's incomplete or Freund's complete adjuvant. Animals receiving HSA in IFA exhibited both cutaneous basophil (Jones-Mote) hypersensitivity and lymphocyte stimulation at 1, but not at 6 wk after immunization. Significant stimul...

the objective of this research was to investigate the efficacy of dietary inclusion of probiotics primalac® and bactocell® and prebiotic fermacto® on broiler’s performance and immune response, individually or in combination. a total of 540 one-d-old male ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated into 6 experimental treatments with 6 replicates of 15 birds per replicate from 1 to 42 d of age. the b...

various commercial vaccines for immunization of broiler chickens against infectious bursal disease (ibd) are available, so it would be appropriate to compare the pathogenicity and immune response of chickens to these vaccines. in this study the pathogenicity and serologic response of four ibd vaccines, cloned d78®, bursine-2®, bursimune® and cevac gambo-l®, were evaluated in specific pathogen f...

the immune responses of mice immunized with ovalbumin (ova) together with killed l. major (klm) promastigotes as adjuvant were studied. three doses (5 × 107, 1 × 108 and 2 × 108) of klm combined with ova (100 mg) were injected into the groups of c57bl/6 mice. bcg and complete freund’s adjuvant (cfa) were used as control adjuvants. lymphocyte proliferation and antibody titers were determined, an...