OBJECTIVE To examine the maturational changes in proteomic polymorphisms resulting from differential expression by multiple intrinsic fungi in the caterpillar body and stroma of natural Cordyceps sinensis (Cs), an integrated micro-ecosystem. METHODS The surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) biochip technique was used to profile the altere...

Contact with pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) induces dermatitis usually located in exposed areas through a toxic-irritative mechanism. Over the last few years an immediate hypersensitivity mechanism have mainly been demonstrated in adult patients. However, there are few studies carried out in children. Objective: To evaluate a group of 16 children who experienced allerg...

The work highlights the issues of operation a replaceable caterpillar propeller for tractor traction class 5, an analysis design wheeled-caterpillar mobile power facilities is carried out, its positive and negative aspects during are described, detailed justification given in comparison with wheel propellers, definitions normal reactions drawn up equations moments, acting relative to points app...

Nine new species of Itaplectops Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) are described from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All specimens have been reared from -various species of ACG caterpillars in the families Limacodidae and Dalceridae. By combining morphological, photographic, and genetic barcode data we provide clear yet concise descriptions. The following nine new s...

Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) has been widely used as tonic in Asian medicine. Considering its curative effect and high cost, various counterfeit versions of O. sinensis have been introduced and are commercially available. These counterfeits have morphological characteristics that are difficult to distinguish based on morphology alone, thereby causing confusion and threat...

Direct and indirect effects of predators are highly variable in complex communities, and understanding the sources of this variation is a research priority in community ecology. Recent evidence indicates that herbivore community structure is a primary determinant of predation strength and its cascading impacts on plants. In this study, we use variation in herbivore community structure among pla...

Let G be a graph. The first Zagreb M1(G) of graph G is defined as: M1(G) = uV(G) deg(u)2. In this paper, we prove that each even number except 4 and 8 is a first Zagreb index of a caterpillar. Also, we show that the fist Zagreb index cannot be an odd number. Moreover, we obtain the fist Zagreb index of some graph operations.

Various families of tolerance graphs of subtrees for specific families of host trees and tolerance functions have been successfully characterized. For example, chordal graphs are intersection (tolerance 1) graphs of subtrees of general trees, see [2], [5], and [8]. Intersection graphs of subtrees of a path are those that are chordal and do not contain an asteroidal triple, see [7]. We denote by...

In this paper, Kekule structures of benzenoid chains are considered. It has been shown that the coefficients of a B_n (x) Morgan-Voyce polynomial equal to the number of k-matchings (m(G,k)) of a path graph which has N=2n+1 points. Furtermore, two relations are obtained between regularly zig-zag nonbranched catacondensed benzenid chains and Morgan-Voyce polynomials and between regularly zig-zag ...