The title compound, C(13)H(10)O(3), has potential oxygen donor and acceptor sites. Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding between neighboring carboxyl-ate groups leads to the formation of hydrogen-bonded dimers [graph-set motif R(2) (2)(8)]. A second hydrogen-bonding inter-action between the hydr-oxy groups generates a chain and extends the structure into a lamellar layer. One of the benzene rings is...

Carboxylic acids are hydrocarbon derivatives containing a carboxyl (COOH) moiety. Recall that carbon has four valence electrons and therefore requires four electrons or bonds to complete its octet. Based on this valence and bonding order, carbon forms four bonds in its neutral state, and these may be four single bonds or combinations of single and multiple bonds. Oxygen has six valence electron...

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(11)H(12)O(2), the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the dimers are linked together by π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.8310 (13) Å] and C-H⋯O bonds.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C(10)H(6)ClNO(2), can be described by two types of crossed layers which are parallel to (110) and (10). The crystal packing is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, resulting in the formation of a two-dimensional network and reinforcing the cohesion of the structure.

THE TITLE COMPOUND (TRADE NAME: quinclorac), C(10)H(5)Cl(2)NO(2), was crystallized from a dimethyl sulfoxide solution. Quinclorac mol-ecules are packed mainly via π-π stacking inter-actions between neighbouring heterocycles (interplanar distance: 3.31 Å) and via O-H⋯N hydrogen bonding.

Reductions of carboxylic acid derivatives might be expected to lead either to aldehydes or alcohols, functional groups having a lower oxidation state of the carboxyl carbon. that carboxylic acids themselves are reduced to alcohols by lithium aluminum hydride. At this point it will be useful to consider three kinds of reductions: (i) catalytic hydrogenation (ii) complex metal hydride reductions ...