Salah satu ketentuan di bidang perpajakan yang pelaksanaanya bersifal legal adalah kebijakan tax avoidance. Kebijakan ini menyatu dalam aturan mana kelemahan pada dimanfaatkan seefisien mungkin seperti pengecualian dan pemotongan. Perusahaan melakukan avoidance karena pajak dianggap dapat mengurangi biaya menambah laba perusahaan. Menurut laporan justice network diperkirakan Indonesia mengalami...

This paper uses a sample of quality award winners to empirically test hypotheses that relate changes in operating income associated with effective implementation of total quality management (TQM) to various firm characteristics. The characteristics examined are firm size, the degree of capital intensity, the degree of diversification, the timing of TQM implementation, and the maturity of the pr...

I analyze the relationship between labor intensity – the wages to revenue ratio – and a firm’s risk and book-to-market ratio in a production model. Under plausible parameters, labor intensive firms are riskier and exhibit higher book-to-market ratios than capital intensive firms. Covariance with the stochastic discount factor grows with labor intensity so the return spread between labor and cap...

This paper examines relationships between aging, social capital, and healthcare utilization. Cross-sectional data from the 2001 Canadian Community Health Survey and the Canadian Census are used to estimate a two-part model for both GP physicians (visits) and hospitalization (annual nights) focusing on the impact of community- (CSC) and individual-level social capital (ISC). Quantile regressions...