In healthy mammals, maturation of B cells expressing heavy (H) chain immunoglobulin (Ig) without light (L) chain is prevented by chaperone association of the H chain in the endoplasmic reticulum. Camelids are an exception, expressing homodimeric IgGs, an antibody type that to date has not been found in mice or humans. In camelids, immunization with viral epitopes generates high affinity H chain...

Information about livestock carrying methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and mammaliicocci (MRCoNS/MRM) is scarce. The study was designed to gain knowledge of the prevalence, phenotypic genotypic antimicrobial resistance genetic diversity MRCoNS/MRM originating from ruminants New World camelids. In addition, a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for characterization Mammaliico...

Background: Sarcocystosis in South American camelids (SAC) is an important parasitic disease which results in economical loss due to carcass condemnation. Meat products from camelids are significant source of animal protein in several American countries. Sarcocystis spp. producing macroscopical cysts in these animals have been nominated as S. aucheniae, S. tilopodi, and S. guanicoecanis. The ai...

Recent advances in paleogenomic technologies have enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships of now-extinct mammalian taxa. However, a number of enigmatic Quaternary species have never been characterized with molecular data, often because available fossils are rare or are found in environments that are not optimal for DNA preservation. Here, we analyze pale...

Three classes of IgG have been described for camelids. IgG1 has a conventional four-chain structure, while IgG2 and IgG3 do not incorporate light chains. The structures and antigen-binding affinities of the so-called heavy-chain classes have been studied in detail; however, their regulation and effector functions are largely undefined. The aim of this study was to examine the participation of c...

Artiodactyl cranial arterial patterns deviate significantly from the standard mammalian pattern, most notably in the possession of a structure called the carotid rete (CR)-a subdural arterial meshwork that is housed within the cavernous venous sinus, replacing the internal carotid artery (ICA). This relationship between the CR and the cavernous sinus facilitates a suite of unique physiologies, ...

In this study, the placental localization of PAG-like transcripts and genomic existence of PAG-like amplicons in new-world (Lp, Lama pacos, alpaca) and old-world camelids (Cb, Camelus bactrianus, bactrian; Cd, Camelus dromedarius; dromedary) are reported for the first time. Sections of Lp (150-347 days post coitum), Cd (43-90 cm crown-rump length) and Cb (term) placentas were used for heterolog...

Milk is considered a complete food because all of the nutrients important to fulfill newborn’s daily requirements are present, including vitamins and minerals, ensuring correct growth rate. A large amount global milk production represented by cow, goat, sheep milks; these species produce about 87% available over world. However, obtained minor dairy animal basic an family business in several par...