abstract fars province with a share of more than 16 percent holds the highest rank in producing tomato in iran. this study aims at determining priorities for tomato processing centers in fars province’s townships. to achieve the study objective a distance minimizing pattern was used for transportation network between producing and processing centers as well as processing and consumption centers...

Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate poly 3-hexylthiophene P3HT , 6,6 -phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester PCBM , and their blends on various conductive substrates. The study shows a P3HT-rich layer at the top of the P3HT:PCBM blend films. The energy level alignment of the top P3HT changes with the work function of the substrate and the PCBM concentration at the bottom surface of...

We fabricated and studied the electrical and photovoltaic properties of organic solar cell based on poly (3hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as an electron donor blended with the acceptor [6, 6]-Phenyl C61-Butyric Acid 3Ethylthiophene Ester (modified fullerene). The active layer composed of (3:1, w/w) mixture of P3HT and the modified fullerene was sandwiched between indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum (Al...

Pronounced ferromagnetism was observed in a crystalline blend film of conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) by using magnetic force microscopy measurements. A substantial room-temperature saturation magnetization of about 0.65 emu g−1 was measured by an alternating gradient field magnetometer. Multiple experimental evidences demonstrate...

We have studied the time-dependent charge transfer emission in a photovoltaic device made of blend poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclo-penta[2,1-b;3,4-b’]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3 benzothiadiazole)] and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester, system showing low band-gap suitable as absorber for bulk-heterojunction solar cells. find short-lived component (∼1 ns) no evidence long-liv...

Organik güneş hücreleri alternatif enerji kaynaklarından bir tanesidir. Bu teknolojinin ticarileşebilmesinin önündeki tek engel düşük verimlilik değerleridir. çalışmada evrik yapıdaki organik hücrelerinin verimi Ag nanopartiküllerin (np) plazmonik etkilerinden yararlanarak arttırılmıştır. Aygıt konfigürasyonu ITO/ZnO/poli(3-hekziltiofen-2,5-diil) (P3HT): (6,6)-fenil C61 bütirik asit metil ester...

Higher-order discrete dynamic systems arise naturally in many economic models in which the problem at hand requires an explicit treatment of dynamics involving lags of more than one period. In studying such models, one type of analysis that economists are often interested in is the assessment of the signs and the magnitudes of the e!ects of a change in the parameters of the dynamic system on th...

This paper studies the dynamics of durable and nondurable consumption under two alternative assumptions about information updating by households – rational inattention and sticky expectations. We first show that the two types of sticky information diffusion can help generate strong excess smoothness in durables consumption. We then find that sticky expectations due to a fixed cost does a better...

In the standard framework of data envelopment analysis (DEA) models, the returns to scale are fully characterized using the multiplier on the convexity constraint of inefficient decision making units (DMU) using the projection of the input-output vector on the frontier. In this note, we investigate how the returns to scale measurements in DEA models are affected by the presence of regulatory co...

Recent research developments in common-pool resource models emphasize the importance of links with ecological systems and the presence of non-linearities, thresholds and multiple steady states. In a recent paper Kossioris et al. (2008) develop a methodology for deriving feedback Nash equilibria for non-linear differential games and apply this methodology to a common-pool resource model of a lak...