background: t-2 toxin is a mycotoxin of type a trichothecenes produced by several fungal genera such as fusarium species. mycotoxins can affect both cell mediated and humoral immune compartments. objective: the purpose of this study was to investi-gate the effect of t-2 toxin on cytokine production by mouse peritoneal macrophages and lymph node t cells. methods: mouse peritoneal macrophages and...

in this research a molecular method based on polymerase chain reaction for typing of clostridium perfringens was developed and toxin genotypes of 64 isolates from sheep and goats in iran were determined. the pcr assays were developed for detection of alpha (cpa), beta (cpb) and epsilon (etx) toxin genes, allowing classification of the isolates into genotypes a b, c and d. the field isolates ...

purpose : the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative botulinum toxin-a (bta) injection as an adjunct to the surgical treatment of large-angle esotropia or exotropia. methods : thirteen patients were included in this interventional case series study. mean age of the patients was 23.31±13.29 years (range: 5-43 years). of these 13 patients, 6 were exotropic and 7 were...

background: achalasia is the most recognized esophageal motor disorder with an unknown etiology. symptoms rather than physical findings are hallmarks of the disease. modalilies for treatment include pharmacologic, botulinum toxin injection, pneumatic dilation and surgery. materials and methods: to review the diagnostic and therapeutic options currently available for achalasia. a medline search ...

Diphtheria Toxin Repressor (dtxR) Gene-Based Genetic Diversity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Isolated in Jakarta, Indonesia, 2018–2019

abrin known as ribosome inactivating protein’s (rip) it is a high cytotoxic plant protein. high lethality and low cost and easy access to plant and seeds lead to this toxin used in crimes and terrorist acts. because obtaining purified toxins requires advanced laboratory equipment and complex procedures, so, it appears that the perpetrators of such crimes use crude extracts. as a result, remaini...

Microbial toxins are important factors that contribute to human diseases and food losses. Predicting the production of these before they occur is a significant challenge. In this study, we innovatively developed strategy called targeted acquisition toxin-related immunogen (TATRI) identify early diagnostic biomarkers for microbial toxins. Taking Aspergillus flavus as an example, employed immunoa...

The repeating sequences of the toxin A gene from toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive (toxin A-, toxin B+) strains of Clostridium difficile which were isolated in geographically separated facilities in Japan and Indonesia were determined. All six strains tested had identical repeating sequences with two deletions (1548 and 273 nucleotides in size) in the toxin A gene. A PCR method was designed to...

Abstract Trichothecenes are among the most important fusariotoxins. According to their chemical structure, they divided into 4 groups (A – D). In terms of agriculture, trichothecenes A and B greatest importance. this study, incidence (deoxynivalenol T-2 toxin) in mixed feed for broilers turkeys were determined. Deoxynivalenol was detected all analysed samples mixture (100 %) at an average conce...

seeds of the castor bean plant ricinuscommunis l (cb) contain ricin toxin (rt), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled a and b. severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. inhalation...