Otitis externa/media is commonly found in dogs with chronic ear diseases and in cats with upper respiratory disease and polyps. Diagnosis of otitis media requires attention to history and clinical signs, but it also requires other methods of determining disease within the bulla. If the integrity of the eardrum cannot be determined, assume that there is middle ear disease and proceed accordingly...

Emphysematous bullae are a complication of end-stage COPD. Patients with large bullae and poor respiratory function have limited treatment options. Surgical resection is a recognized treatment, but functional improvement after bullectomy is not satisfactory in patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) < 35% predicted. When this 59-year-old male end-stage COPD patient was assessed, he...

The evolution of the cetacean skeleton followed a path that differentiated this group from other terrestrial mammals about 50 million years ago [1], and debate is still going on about the relationships between Cetacea and Artiodactyla [2], [3], [4]. Some skeletal traits of the basilosaurids (the more advanced forms of Archaeocetes), such as the expansion of the peribullary air sinuses, dental m...

Miocene baleen whales were highly diverse and included tens of genera. However, their taxonomy and phylogeny, as well as relationships with living whales, are still a subject of controversy. Here, "Mesocetus" argillarius, a poorly known specimen from Denmark, is redescribed with a focus on the cranial anatomy. It was found to represent not only a new genus, Tranatocetus gen. nov., but also a ne...

A 9-year-old boy presented with itching and bulla formation since the last 3 years. The lesions commenced over the abdomen, scalp and then became generalized. Past perinatal and drug history were uneventful. On examination, tense bullae (0.5 cm to 3.5 cm in diameter) were present all over the body (Fig. 1). Bullae arranged in an annular pattern were seen in perineal region (string of pearl’s si...

We have performed 253 thoracotomies among a total of 334 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax during the past 17 years, subjecting 126 of these surgical cases to histologic examination by light microscope. Recently, we have classified 54 emphysematous bullae as Reid type 1 or 2 and have examined these, as well as giant bullae, by scanning electron microscope. This revealed exterior surface differe...