For the next 75 years, the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) system is projected to be close to in balance, on average. For approximately the next 40 years, under current projections, the combined OASDI Trust Fund is expected to continually have excesses of income over outgo, creating a buildup that will peak in 2030 at about +12 1/2 trillion (roughly 23 percent of the gross ...

Most investigations of the gamma-shielding abilities materials are often based on Beer-Lambert law including recent studies clay-polyethylene composites. The findings usually silent secondary radiation effects that commonly occur due to photon buildup, known as Energy Absorption Buildup Factor (EABF) and Exposure (EBF). In this work, computation EABF EBF in region energy 0.015–15 MeV at differe...

Abstract: Study of gamma ray energy absorption (EABF) and exposure buildup factors (EBF) for some essential soils, ceramic materials in the energy region 0.015-15 MeV up to a penetration depth of 40 mfp (mean free path). To calculate both EABF and EBF, five parameter geometric progressions (G-P) fitting approximation has been used. Variation of EABF and EBF with incident photon energy, penetrat...

Full buildup diodes can cause significant dose perturbation if they are used on most or all of radiotherapy fractions. Given the importance of frequent in vivo measurements in complex treatments, using thin buildup (low-perturbation) diodes instead is gathering interest. However, such diodes are strictly unsuitable for high-energy photons; therefore, their use requires evaluation and careful me...

We often generate movements without any external event that immediately triggers them. How the brain decides the timing of self-initiated movements remains unclear. Previous studies suggest that the basal ganglia-thalamocortical pathways play this role, but the subcortical signals that determine movement timing have not been identified. The present study reports that a subset of thalamic neuron...