The objective was to quantify how the concentration and particle size of unreacted “residual” limestone affected pH buffering capacity for ten commercial and nine research container substrates that varied in residual calcium carbonate equivalents (CCE) from 0.3 to 4.9 g CCE·L. The nine research substrates contained 70% peat:30% perlite (by volume) with dolomitic hydrated lime at 2.1 g·L, follow...

This report describes the challenges in meeting the requirements for optical buffering devices in next -generation optical routers. Slow light and delay line buffering approaches are described and several recent results and issues are summarized.

Geolocation techniques aim at determining the geographic location of an Internet host based on its IP address. Currently, measurement-based geolocation techniques disregard the buffering delays that may be introduced at each hop along the path taken by probe packets. To fill this gap, we propose the GeoBuD (Geolocation using Buffering Delay estimation) approach. Although the network delay and t...

Distance constraint is a major concern in many spatial analyses. Buffering is one of the proximity techniques in GIS most commonly used to address this constraint. I introduce shape-based point buffering, an anisotropic and variable-distance buffer generation method conformal to the original polygons. In contrast with isotropic fixed-distance buffering, shape-based buffering is defined using a ...

Static muscle contraction activates metabolically sensitive muscle afferents that reflexively increase sympathetic nerve activity and arterial pressure. To determine if this contractioninduced reflex is modulated by the sinoaortic baroreflex, we performed microelectrode recordings of sympathetic nerve activity to resting leg muscle during static handgrip in humans while attempting to clamp the ...

pH = pK' + log Totalconc.-Acidconc. (3) Acid conc. where pK' is the pK' of the weak acid, Acid conc. is the concentration of the weak acid, and Total conc. is the concentration of the anion of the weak acid not only in the free dissociated form but also in the undissociated form as the acid. This equation contains the three variables, pH, Total conc., and Acid conc. If the Total conc. remains t...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2.0 ENDOGENOUS FORMATION OF A BIDDING RING . . . . . . . . . 3 ...

Genetic interactions confer robustness on cells in response to genetic perturbations. This often occurs through molecular buffering mechanisms that can be predicted using, among other features, the degree of coexpression between genes, commonly estimated through marginal measures of association such as Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients. However, marginal correlations are sensitive to...

Occlusion-compatible traversals and z-buffering are often regarded as the only choices for resolving visibility in the imageand point-based rendering community. These algorithms do either per-frame or per-pixel computations. This paper first discusses visibility orderings for point samples in general and then discusses orderings that are valid for multiple views. Then we present a novel, highly...

In many situations we have to make repeated decisions in an uncertain environment. Those decisions include to choose a route to drive to work, when to refuel a car or when to purchase and sell shares in the stock market. In each of those settings we decide which actions we take, although we do not possess complete information about the situation. Since part of the missing information might infl...