After diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) was shown to cause bronchiolitis obliterans in workers who inhaled high levels of this volatile butter flavoring at microwave popcorn processing plants, 1,2,3 some manufacturers switched to a substitute assumed to be safer. Recent rodent studies, however, suggest that the substitute, 2,3-pentanedione, may be as damaging to the respiratory tract as the diacetyl i...

OBJECTIVE To report the authors' experience with pediatric lung transplantation (LTX) to provide an overview of patients selected for this procedure and their outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Pediatric LTX differs from adults in many ways, including recipient size, indications, posttransplant care, and rehabilitation. METHODS Two hundred seven isolated lung transplants on 190 children unde...

Constrictive bronchiolitis is a bronchiolar airway disease that surrounds the lumen with fibrotic concentric narrowing and obliteration. The mosaic pattern seen on the expiratory high-resolution chest CT scan is diagnostic in an individual with shortness of breath, early inspiratory crackles, and irreversible airflow obstruction. Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome is no longer considered a congenital...

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disorder that has an insidious onset. The patient often presents with flu-like symptoms and radiological findings showing bilateral patchy infiltrates. Histological features show fibromyxoid connective tissue plugs that are evenly spaced in small distal airways and alveolar spaces. Treatment for BOOP is cor...

INTRODUCTION The precise role of the remodeling process and possible therapies for bronchiolitis obliterans remain to be established. OBJECTIVE [corrected] In the present study, we sought to validate the importance of nasal collagen V tolerance to verify whether bronchovascular axis remodeling could be reverted by this therapeutic approach when compared to steroid treatment. METHODS Mice we...

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the most important cause of late mortality following lung transplantation, resulting in major morbidity and a huge burden on healthcare resources. Treatment options are limited, resulting in a mere stabilisation of the lung function decline. Recent introduction of the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin raised new hope after demonstrating lung function i...