Expression of Fgf-8, Bmp-4, Bmp-7, and shh in the branchial arches of the chick embryo is examined by in situ hybridization. Fgf-8 expression is initially broad and diffuse, becoming more tightly restricted, particularly in the epithelium of the posterior ectodermal margin (PEM) of the 2nd branchial arch. Bmp-7 transcripts, first seen at stage 12 in discrete regions corresponding to the develop...

Branchial arches are externally visible tissue bands in the head region of all vertebrate embryos. Although initially formed from similar components, each arch will give rise to different head and neck structures. In a screen designed to characterize the molecular control of branchial arch identity in mouse, we identified Pcp4 as a second branchial arch-specific molecular signature. We further ...

Branchial pouch-derived anomalies may arise from remnants of the first, second, or third/fourth branchial arches. Branchial pouch-related structures are found within the thyroid gland in the form of solid cell rests, epithelial lined cyst with or without an associated lymphoid component, thymic and/or parathyroid tissue, and less commonly in the form of heterotopic cartilage. We present a rare ...

are usually expressed in the form of a cystic mass in the neck. Anomalies of the second branchial cleft account for approximately 95% of all branchial cleft cyst (1). Congenital abnormalities of the branchial apparatus can result in various abnormal conditions of the neck including cyst, sinus, or fistulae. The number of cysts is more common than sinuses and fistulae combined. Moreover the anom...

Efferent activity was recorded from cranial nerves in the decerebrate dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) before and after injection of paralysing drugs. The recordings were made from the mandibular (Vth) and glossopharyngeal (IXth) nerves and the branchial (respiratory) and cardiac branches of the vagus (Xth) nerve. All the respiratory branches (Vth, IXth and Xth) and both cardiac branches fired r...

introduction:most metastatic lymph nodes from head and neck malignancy are solid. cystic nodes are found in 33% - 61% of carcinomas arise from waldeyer’s ring, of which only 1.8% - 8% originate are from the nasopharynx. some cystic cervical metastases were initially presumed to be branchial cleft cyst. this case report aims to highlight the unusual presentation of cystic cervical metastasis sec...

1. During normoxia, heart rate was governed by a vagal tone which increased at higher acclimation temperatures. This tonic influence was exerted predominantly via the branchial cardiac nerves. The increase in heart rate following atropinization or cardiac vagotomy was associated with a reduction in stroke flow in the ventral aorta in accordance with Starling's Law of the heart. 2. During slowly...

We have used zebrafish and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) to investigate the developmental toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that exert their effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We found that cardiac and neural crest (NC)-derived jaw and branchial cartilages are specifically targeted early in development. The suite of malformations, which ultimately leads t...

First branchial cleft anomalies are uncommon, accounting for less than 10% of all branchial abnormalities. Their rare occurrence and varied presentation have frequently led to misdiagnosis and inadequate and inappropriate treatment of these conditions leading to repeated recurrences and secondary infection. In this paper, a case of 11-year girl with type 2 first branchial cleft defect is descri...

Recent knockout experiments in the mouse generated amazing craniofacial skeletal muscle phenotypes. Yet none of the genes could be placed into a molecular network, because the programme to control the development of muscles in the head is not known. Here we show that antagonistic signals from the neural tube and the branchial arches specify extraocular versus branchiomeric muscles. Moreover, we...