Introduction: It has been suggested physical exercise exerts neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury (TBI). However little information is available about the effect of endurance exercise on brain edema, inflammation and oxidant activity in diffuse TBI. Therefore, we investigated the prophylaxis effect of endurance training against oxidative damage, inflammation and brain edema assoc...

meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, thereby involving the arachnoid, the pia and the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). it is divided into viral and bacterial meningitis. for different reasons the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is very important. the examination of csf samples may provide information about causative microorganism. the sensivity of ...

introduction:the human being always attempts to find a way to improve his physical and mental abilities. history shows that, despite the many promotions in every branch of science and technology, we cannot see much improvement in thinking abilities. with the advent of the iinternet and www, many thought that the problem will be solved. but nowadays we can see that the main problem remains: the ...

recently, the hypothesis in which memory and information would be stored as magnetic forms in astrocytes is expanding and neuromagnetic interactions between neurons and neighboring astrocytes in neocortex have potential to be the basis of memory formation. it has been proposed that all sorts of information may be maintained in form of neuronal activity-associated magnetic fields (naamfs) and th...

minor trauma to the head is common in childhood and does not require any medical or surgical treatment. nevertheless, head injury in infancy and childhood is the single most common cause of death and permanent disability. measurable deficits occur even after mild to moderate head injury but are markedly greater after severe injury. they include impaired cognition, motor impairments, disruption ...

Claude Shannon’s classic 1948 paper introduced a general theory for measuring the transmission of information from a source, across a noisy channel, to a receiver (Figure 1). This theory became known as information theory. Shannon illustrated his theory with such examples as messages sent over telegraph lines by Morse code. But the same principles can be applied to neurons: a neuron transmits i...

Social animals live in complex physical and social environments requiring them to attend and rapidly respond to social and environmental information by changing their behavior. A key social influence is rank or status, a ubiquitous element in animal societies. Rank typically regulates access to reproduction and other resources, among other consequences for individuals. Because reproduction is a...

The development of high-resolution neuroimaging and multielectrode electrophysiological recording provides neuroscientists with huge amounts of multivariate data. The complexity of the data creates a need for statistical summary, but the local averaging standardly applied to this end may obscure the effects of greatest neuroscientific interest. In neuroimaging, for example, brain mapping analys...