HIV-1 circulates both as free virus and within immune cells, with the level of free virus being predictive of clinical course. Both forms of HIV-1 cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which infected immune cells cross the blood-brain barrier BBB. How HIV-1 as free virus crosses the BBB is less clear as brain endothelial cells are...

Under physiological conditions, the brain consumes over 20% of the whole body energy supply. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows dynamic interactions between blood capillaries and the neuronal network in order to provide an adequate control of molecules that are transported in and out of the brain. Alterations in the BBB structure and function affecting brain accessibility to nutrients and exi...

For insulin to act within the brain, it is primarily transported from blood across blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, endocytic machinery necessary for delivering brain remains unknown. Additionally, there are processes endothelial cell that designed respond binding and elicit intracellular signaling. Using pharmacological inhibitors of different types endocytosis (clathrin-vs. caveolin-mediat...

Objective(s): Cognitive defects such as learning and memory impairment are amongst the most repetitious sequelae after sever and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI). It was suggested that ellagic acid (EA), an innate phenol product, display neuroprotective properties against oxidative and inflammatory damages after brain injury. The object of the current study was therapeutic properties of EA...

The large surface area and the short diffusion distance from capillaries of the blood brain barrier (BBB) to the neurons facilitate the drugs and nutrients access to the brain. Penetration of chemicals to the BBB occurs using a combination of intra and intercellular passages. Tight junctions regulate the intracellular passage of molecules according to their physicochemical properties (e.g. lipo...

Peripheral leukocytes can exacerbate brain damage by release of cytotoxic mediators that disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. One of the oxidants released by activated leukocytes is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) formed via the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl(-) system. In the present study we examined the role of leukocyte activation, leukocyte-derived MPO and MPO-generated oxidants on BBB func...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of four cell populations, brain endothelial cells (BECs), pericytes, neurons, and astrocytes. Its role is to precisely regulate the microenvironment of the brain through selective substance crossing. Here we generated an in vitro model of the BBB by differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into all four populations. When the four hi...

introduction: development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary ischemic injury. blood brain barrier (bbb) opening is an important part of edema named as vasogenic brain edema. in this study, quantitative alterations of bbb permeability is experimentally evaluated using transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. methods: two groups of male rats (ischemic and sh...

The neuroprotective function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Critical to this function, BBB membrane transporters include the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which limit drug penetration across the BBB, and the less-well-studied solute carrier (SLC) transporters. In this work, expression profiling of 359...

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is maintained by the endothelial tight junctions within the brain microvasculature. Most small-molecule neuropharmaceutical agents and virtually all large-molecule drugs do not cross the BBB. The BBB problem is the rate-limiting factor preventing the transfer of progress in the molecular neurosciences to the development of clinically effective neurotherapeutic agen...