By increasing, the complexity of chips and the need to integrating more components into a chip has made network –on- chip known as an important infrastructure for network communications on the system, and is a good alternative to traditional ways and using the bus. By increasing the density of chips, the possibility of failure in the chip network increases and providing correction and fault tol...

BACKGROUND Early studies suggested that TR4 nuclear receptor might play important roles in the skeletal development, yet its detailed mechanism remains unclear. METHODS We generated TR4 knockout mice and compared skeletal development with their wild type littermates. Primary bone marrow cells were cultured and we assayed bone differentiation by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. ...

the micro milling operation is one of the manufacturing processes, which can produce 3d parts in the range of less than a millimetre. miniaturization of components results in increasing the ratio of surface area to volume of components, which in turn increases the role of surface on the component performance. therefore, anticipating the relationship between micro milling parameters and surface ...

Abstract To benefit tissue removal and postoperative rehabilitation, increased efficiency accuracy reduced operating force are strongly required in the osteotomy. A novel elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) has been introduced for bone compared with conventional (CC) this paper. With assistance of high-speed microscope imaging dynamometer, material removals cortical their forces from two regimes...

Bone cutting is widely used in orthopaedic, dental and neuro surgeries and is a technically demanding surgical procedure. The major concern in current research is thermal damage of the bone tissue caused by high-speed power tools, which occurs when temperature rises above a certain tissue threshold value that is called bone necrosis. Hence optimization of cutting parameters is necessary to avoi...

Orthopaedic surgical cutting instruments are required to generate sufficient forces penetrate bone tissue while minimising the risk of thermal and mechanical damage surrounding environment. This study presents a combined experimental–computational approach determine relationships between key parameters overall performance polyurethane-based synthetic trabecular analogue under orthogonal conditi...

Abstract For multiple piece bone fractures orthopaedic surgeons often prefer drilling. During drilling (cortical and cancellous) heat is generated. Heat accumulation above tolerance level of biomaterial causes permanent injury. This leads to delayed restoration period. can be avoided by controlling drill tool geometrical aspects in depth information substructure. Among various angles tool, heli...