Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) containing amyloid plaques and abnormal phosphorylated τ-protein containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are hallmark lesions of Alzheimer’s disease. Both Aβ plaques and NFTs show hierarchical patterns in which the areas of the brain are subsequently affected by Aβ plaques and NFTs, respectively (Braak and Braak, 1991; Thal et al., 2002). Aβ plaques start to develop in ...

One third of the worldwide disease burden – number of years lost due to disease – is caused by brain diseases, such as dementia, Parkinson’s and brain cancer (DiLuca and Olesen 2014). With an aging population, this burden is expected to rise. Despite the global effort to develop new treatments, there are still no effective drugs for these diseases. One of the major reasons for the lack of succe...

Methotrexate (MTX) is the cornerstone of chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma, yet how the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters ABCG2 and ABCC4 influence the required high-dose therapy is unknown. To evaluate their role, we used four mouse strains, C57BL/6 (wild-type; WT), Abcg2, Abcc4, and Abcg2;Abcc4 (double knockout; DKO) to conduct brain microdialysis studies aft...

LEPTIN WAS CLONED IN 1994 and shown to be secreted from adipocytes (5). This and subsequent studies demonstrated that leptin is made and secreted in proportion to the fat content of individual adipocytes (4). Under normal physiological conditions, the concentration of circulating leptin is inversely related to body fat, or energy, content (2). It is transported past the bloodbrain barrier and a...

EMERGING EVIDENCE SUGGESTS that proteins associated with the immune system may play additional roles in normal brain development and in the healthy adult brain. Studies also suggest that perturbations of these roles may underlie some neurological diseases. Contrary to dogma that the bloodbrain barrier protects the brain from the immune system by acting as a barricade to its components, scientis...

Methotrexate (MTX) is the cornerstone of chemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma, yet how the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) efflux transporters ABCG2 and ABCC4 influence the required high-dose therapy is unknown. To evaluate their role, we used four mouse strains, C57BL/6 (wild-type; WT), Abcg2, Abcc4, and Abcg2;Abcc4 (double knockout; DKO) to conduct brain microdialysis studies aft...

Opioids are broad-spectrum analgesics with potent pain-relieving qualities but also with potential adverse effects related to both short-term and long-term therapy. Researchers have attempted to alter existing opioid analgesics, utilize different routes/formulations, or combine opioid analgesics with other compounds in efforts to improve analgesia while minimizing adverse effects. Exogenous opi...

objective(s):protective effects of diuretics, particularly of hydrochlorothiazide (hct), for the development of seizure attacksepilepsy have been described in vivo. however, itsthe mechanism of action of hct is unknownneeds to be elucidated. materials and methods: extracellular field potentials were recorded from the ca1- and ca3-subfields of the hippocampus of rats. epileptiform discharges wer...

cerebral palsy (cp) is the most common motor disability in children, usually occurring during fetal development; before, during, or shortly after birth, or during infancy. cp takes place in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births .there is no exact reason but birth injury or inflammation of the central nervous system, infections and hypoxia are related risk factors of this disease. often, symptoms incl...

conclusions decreasing barriers to physical activity among the elderly causes physical activities to increase; therefore, energy expenditure is increased. decreasing social and environmental problems for the elderly is effective in increasing physical activity and energy expenditure. results the average age among the study population was 67.6 ± 6.8 years median, and the interquartile range (iqr...