Drug-naive DBA/2 mice were trained to self-administer cocaine (40 microgram/kg/infusion) i.v. by nose poking. The number of nose-poke responses was higher in mice receiving response-contingent injections of cocaine (active group) than in yoked controls or in animals receiving response-contingent saline injections. Twenty-four hours after the training session (cocaine or saline self-administrati...

today physical researchers and teachers consider exercise as a key element to improve motor skills; it is also evident that changeability in practice for retention and performance skills is both proper and effective. the main idea of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of random and blocked practice methods on retention and performance ability of 12-year-old learners’ passing skills in...

the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of various scheduled practices (self-regulated and non-self-regulated) on the acquisition, retention and transfer of simple and complex tracking tasks. 96 right-handed undergraduate students (age rang: 18-24 years old) volunteered to participate in this study (48 females, 48 males). these students participated in physical education cla...

Self-controlled KR practice has revealed that providing participants the opportunity to control their KR is superior for motor learning compared to participants replicating the KR schedule of a self-control participant, without the choice (e.g., yoked). The purpose of the present experiment was two-fold. First, to examine the utility of a self-controlled KR schedule for learning a spatial motor...

this study aimed at investigating the effect of blocked, incremental systematic and random contextual interferences on acquisition, retention and transfer of volleyball skills based on changes in a generalized motor program. in fact, this study was conducted to answer this question that whether regular increment of contextual interference level is more effective on learning volleyball service s...

The cyclic-adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors has been implicated in numerous forms of behavioral plasticity. We investigated CREB phosphorylation along some nodes of corticostriatal circuitry such as frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal (caudate-putamen, CPu) and ventral (nucleus accumbens, NAC) striatum in response to the contingent or no...