grain yield loss in rice (oryza sativa l.) caused by blast disease, magnaporthe grisea (hebert) barr, is a major concern of rice growers worldwide. blast is considered as the most injurious disease of rice in iran, resulting in severe loss especially to susceptible rice cultivars. in order to assess yield loss caused by blast pathogen and develop an appropriate model, different disease onsets a...

The effects of pre-pressurization on blast-loaded reinforced rectangular aluminum plates were studied experimentally. In this study, small (0.508 x 0.609 x 0.0016 meter) clamped plates with rivet attached reinforcing members were used as a basic model of the fuselage skin of a commercial aircraft. Both un-pressurized and pre-pressurized plates (static pressure of 41.4 kPa (6.0 psi)) were consid...

Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative pathogen of rice blast, has caused extensive losses to rice cultivation worldwide. Strains of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis have been used as biocontrol agents against rice blast. However, little has been reported about the interaction between B. subtilis and the rice plant and its mechanism of action. Here, the colonization process and induced disease resist...

Plants use pattern recognition receptors to defend themselves from microbial pathogens. These receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate signaling pathways that lead to immunity. In rice (Oryza sativa), the chitin elicitor binding protein (CEBiP) recognizes chitin oligosaccharides released from the cell walls of fungal pathogens. Here, we show that the rice ...

Within 3-6 hr after the reestablishment of the circulation, a characteristic pathology developed in renal homotransplants. Blood monocytes and lymphocytes adhered to large thin-walled vessels of the septa carrying interlobular arteries, traversed their walls, and aggregated in the connective tissue spaces around them. Within 3 days, the number and size of the extravascular cells markedly increa...

smelting of hammerable iron and its treatment in antiquity and Medieval produced also by-product: slag. Because of small yields of iron the process produced only small amounts of slag that did not attract attention of smelters concerning its possible use. the use of slag pieces was only accidental. a lot of slag pieces and blocks from slag pit shaft furnaces were used as a material for mound bu...

PURPOSE Primary blast injury (PBI) mostly affects air-filled organs, although it is sporadically reported in fluid-filled organs, including the eye. The purpose of the present paper is to explain orbit blast injury mechanisms through finite element modeling (FEM). METHODS FEM meshes of the eye, orbit, and skull were generated. Pressure, strain, and strain rates were calculated at the cornea, ...