introduction: bipolar affective disorder is cyclic swinging of mood between mania or hypo-mania and depression. lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is 2.4%. a numbers of risk factors are associated with bipolar disorders including age, sex, and genetic predisposition, environmental factors and socioeconomic status. the main objective of the conducted study was to assess vulnerability for bi...

Sir: Bipolar II disorder is a valid and reliable diagnosis and its prevalence in society is higher than was once assumed. Considering the fact that the main clinical presentation of bipolar II disorder is composed of depressive symptoms and the fact that the retrospective diagnosis of episodes of hypomania is often difficult, there has been an increased concern about the underdiagnosis of bipol...

bipolar disorder is a mental disease that can be presented as irritable mood with affective storms, mixed symptoms of depression and mania, rapid cycles, emotional labiality and irritability during all episodes. â confirmed positive familial history of the disease is the single most robust risk factor for developing the illness. this report presents 5.5 years-old girl with the symptoms of bipol...

Sir: Bipolar II disorder is a valid and reliable diagnosis and its prevalence in society is higher than was once assumed. Considering the fact that the main clinical presentation of bipolar II disorder is composed of depressive symptoms and the fact that the retrospective diagnosis of episodes of hypomania is often difficult, there has been an increased concern about the underdiagnosis of bipol...

BACKGROUND Considering the difficulties in diagnosing bipolar disorder in clinical practice and lack of needed screening instruments in Persian language, the present study aimed at assessing sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for the Persian Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale. METHODS The study was conducted in a university-affiliated hospital in Tehran, Iran, in a sample of 181 c...

Sir: Bipolar II disorder is a valid and reliable diagnosis and its prevalence in society is higher than was once assumed. Considering the fact that the main clinical presentation of bipolar II disorder is composed of depressive symptoms and the fact that the retrospective diagnosis of episodes of hypomania is often difficult, there has been an increased concern about the underdiagnosis of bipol...

Sir: Bipolar II disorder is a valid and reliable diagnosis and its prevalence in society is higher than was once assumed. Considering the fact that the main clinical presentation of bipolar II disorder is composed of depressive symptoms and the fact that the retrospective diagnosis of episodes of hypomania is often difficult, there has been an increased concern about the underdiagnosis of bipol...

We found evidence previously of familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in 65 bipolar disorder pedigrees. This finding, together with prior evidence from clinical, family, neurobiological, and linkage studies, suggested that psychotic bipolar disorder may delineate a valid subtype. We sought to replicate this finding in 69 new bipolar disorder pedigrees. The presence of psychotic symptoms, d...