Terahertz (THz) spectroscopic investigations of condensed-phase biological samples are reviewed ranging from the simple crystalline forms of amino acids, carbohydrates and polypeptides to the more complex aqueous forms of small proteins, DNA and RNA. Vibrationally resolved studies of crystalline samples have revealed the exquisite sensitivity of THz modes to crystalline order, temperature, conf...

Lignocellulosic biomass containing about 55–65 wt% sugars in the form of polymeric structural carbohydrates can be a sustainable feedstock for production of a variety of sugars that can in turn be converted into fuels and chemicals [1–3]. For biological deconstruction of structural carbohydrates to sugars, tiny protein molecules called enzymes need to reach appropriate substrates to depolymeriz...

objectives: civil rights may cover different aspects of citizens’ lives. all the members of the society should have equal access to the public facilities and public transportation system. barriers and obstacles in society may limit the accessibility of these facilities to the disabled people. methods: this article contains a part of the results in a phenomenological study of the disability righ...

Inspired by biological evolution, we consider the following socalled accessibility percolation problem: The vertices of the unoriented ndimensional binary hypercube are assigned independent U(0, 1) weights, referred to as fitnesses. A path is considered accessible if fitnesses are strictly increasing along it. We prove that the probability that the global fitness maximum is accessible from the ...

The ability to visualize mRNA in single living cells and monitor in real-time the changes of mRNA level and localization can provide unprecedented opportunities for biological and disease studies. However, the mRNA detection specificity and sensitivity are critically dependent on the selection of target sequences and their accessibility. We carried out an extensive study of the target accessibi...

The Mediterranean-type climate region of Chile is a globally unique biodiversity hotspot but its protected area system does not adequately represent the biological diversity, nor it provide equitable access to people. We explored options expand cost-effectively improve conservation forest ecosystem types while simultaneously enhancing social accessibility areas. Social defined as municipalities...

Higher order chromatin structure in eukaryotes can lead to differential gene expression in response to the same transcription factor; however, how transcription factor inputs integrate with quantitative features of the chromatin environment to regulate gene expression is not clear. In vitro models of HIV gene regulation, in which repressive mechanisms acting locally at an integration site keep ...

As has happened in many other countries, Brazil has also witnessed an evident change in the question of accessibility over the last twenty years. In line with this theme, that of old age has only become evident in the last two decades. For a long period of time, the elderly have been systematically ignored as an object of investigation and have not been contemplated with consistent public socia...

Thalidomide and its derivatives, lenalidomide and pomalidomide (also known as IMiDs), have significantly changed the treatment landscape of multiple myeloma, and the recent discovery of cereblon (CRBN) as their direct biological target has led to a deeper understanding of their complex mechanism of action. In an effort to comprehend the precise mechanisms behind the development of IMiD resistan...

Majority of the million plus cities in India are facing serious problems of traffic congestion and pollution due to the unprecedented and rapid pace of urbanization in last decade. City planners are providing solution to these twin problems by developing Mass Rapid Transit System including Metro and BRT in many Indian Metropolitan cities. The availability of transit network and pedestrian acces...