Abstract The betelnut is one of the main products community agriculture in Aceh province, Indonesia. There are several post-harvest stages to get dried betel nuts ready for sale, including threshing nut from bunch, cutting fresh fruits, drying, and separating husk. Every handling applied agricultural machinery will generate production costs. Therefore, this article focuses on highlighting costs...

BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine: 1) the relationship between being a runaway and the time since the first absconding event and adolescent substance use; 2) whether different kinds of psychoactive substances have a different temporal relationship to the first absconding event; and 3) whether the various reasons for the first absconding event are associated with different risks of substanc...

Herbal medicines are respected for its medicinal values through generations. Areca catechu is commonly called as betel nut belonging to the family Arecaceae. Phytochemicals are the non-nutritive substances that protect the plant and human beings from diseases when consumed. In the present investigation, the aqueous extract of Areca catechu nut was analysed for the varieties of phytochemicals an...

BACKGROUND Betel quid chewing is a popular habit in Southeast Asia. It is believed that chewing betel quid could reduce stress, strengthen teeth and maintain oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of each of the ingredients of betel quid and compared with betel quid itself (with and without calcium hydroxide). The correlation of thei...

BACKGROUND Betel chewing has been shown to predispose to periodontal disease and oral cancer. Studies show that people with gum disease are more likely to test positive for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It is not known if the lesions produced by betel quid and the resulting, chemical changes predispose to colonization by H. pylori. Further the role of this organism in oral cancer is not know...

Lichenoid reaction is a mucosal lesion characterized by linear whitish striae appearing on the mucosa and is triggered by external factors like restorative materials, betel nut, tobacco, graft versus host reaction and drugs. A detailed history will help in delineating the two lesions. The review provides an insight into the clinical, histological features and the malignant potential of Lichenoi...

Thyroid nodules (TNs) are common thyroid lesions in older population. Few studies focused on the prevalence of TNs and its relationship to lifestyle characteristics and dietary habits in centenarians. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of TNs in Chinese centenarians using high-resolution ultrasound equipment and investigate its relationship to lifestyles and dietary habits. The...